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To better understand early human islet cell development and maturation, we collected 115 pediatric pancreata and mapped morphological and spatiotemporal changes from birth through the first ten years of life. Using quantitative analyses and a combination of complementary tissue imaging approaches, including confocal microscopy and whole-slide imaging, we developed an integrated model for endocrine cell formation and islet architecture, including endocrine cell type heterogeneity and abundance, endocrine cell proliferation, and islet vascularization and innervation. We also assessed insulin and glucagon secretory profiles in isolated islet preparations from pediatric donors aged 2 months to 10 years and found a temporal difference in the maturation of insulin secretion compared to glucagon secretion. 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