{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:04:12Z","timestamp":1790654652646,"version":"4.1.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"group-title":"Biophysics","reference-count":117,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["R01 GM116961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 GM116961"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Voltage-dependence gating of ion channels underlies numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes, and disruption of normal voltage gating is the cause of many channelopathies. Here, long timescale atomistic simulations were performed to directly probe voltage-induced gating transitions of the big potassium (BK) channels, where the voltage sensor domain (VSD) movement has been suggested to be distinct from that of canonical Kv channels but remains poorly understood. Using a Core-MT construct without the gating ring, multiple voltage activation transitions were observed at 750 mV, allowing detailed analysis of the activated state of BK VSD and key mechanistic features. Even though the S4 helix remains the principal voltage sensor in BK, its vertical displacement is only \u223c3 \u00c5 and accompanied by significant lateral movements. The nature of the predicted VSD movement is in strong agreement with recent Cryo-EM structural studies of mutant BK channels with constitutively activated VSD. Free energy analysis based on the predicted activation transition yielded a total gating charge of 0.44\n                  <jats:italic>e<\/jats:italic>\n                  per VSD, consistent with the experimental range of 0.48 \u2013 0.65\n                  <jats:italic>e<\/jats:italic>\n                  . We further show that the ability of modest physical movements with a small total gating charge to drive effective voltage gating of BK can be attributed to large gradients in the local electric field as reshaped by the protein. Furthermore, the S4 movement is coupled to the pore opening through a non-canonical pathway that involves the tightly packed S4-S5-S6 interface. These distinct mechanistic features may be relevant to voltage gating of other ion channels where VSDs are not domain-swapped with respect to the pore-gate domain.\n                <\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Significance Statement<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The big potassium (BK) channel is the only potassium channel that integrates intracellular calcium signaling with membrane depolarization. It is considered one of the most important channels in cardiovascular and neurological disorders. It has been known that voltage gating of BK channels has distinct features compared to the canonical voltage gating mechanism established through studies of voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels. Yet, little is known about the molecular nature of voltage sensing and pore activation of BK channels at present. Our work reports the first successful direct simulation of voltage-dependent activation of the big potassium (BK) channel, revealing novel voltage sensing and sensor-pore coupling mechanisms that have largely eluded the community until now.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.01.08.631907","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T04:30:24Z","timestamp":1736742624000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Atomistic Simulation of Voltage Activation of a Truncated BK Channel"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Zhiguang","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5281-1150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianhan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026041203264533000_2025.01.08.631907v3.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1952.sp004764","article-title":"A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve","volume":"117","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. 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