{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T06:46:56Z","timestamp":1775890016275,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]]},"group-title":"Physiology","reference-count":27,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]],"date-time":"2025-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Poor sleep represents a central health disparity for people experiencing homelessness, and any intervention to alleviate the impacts of homelessness should aim to improve sleep. We measured actimetry-based sleep in homeless adults spending their nights in four types of shelters in Seattle, WA, during the summer and winter. Homeless participants experienced more sleepless nights than housed participants in both seasons. During the summer sleeping nights, homeless participants experienced sleep patterns similar to housed subjects, but during the winter, their sleep duration was up to 1.5 hours shorter. Similarly, sleep quality, determined through sleep variability index, activity during the night, and intraindividual variability of sleep parameters, was poorer during the winter in homeless than in housed participants. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of using objectively measured sleep as a proxy for assessing the value of specific interventions to improve living conditions in people experiencing homelessness. Given the bidirectional relationship between sleep and both physical and mental health, our study reveals the health inequities of chronic sleep disparity for those living outdoors.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Significance statement<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sleep disparities are central to the poor physical and mental health experienced by houseless people. Here we show that measured sleep through wrist actigraphy captures different aspects of this sleep disparity and represents a useful, objective metric of the impact of interventions to improve living conditions among people experiencing homelessness.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.01.23.634551","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]],"date-time":"2025-01-26T10:50:21Z","timestamp":1737888621000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sleep in People Experiencing Homelessness Under Different Conditions and Seasons"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Alicia","family":"Rice","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leandro P.","family":"Casiraghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Gildee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zack W.","family":"Almquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deaprtements of Sociology and Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Hagopian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melanie A.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Horacio O.","family":"de la Iglesia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026041022520000000_2025.01.23.634551v1.1","unstructured":"2022 Point in time count. King County Regional Homelessness Authority. 2023."},{"key":"2026041022520000000_2025.01.23.634551v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almquist ZW , Kahveci I , Hazel A , et al. Innovating a community-driven enumeration and needs assessment of people experiencing homelessness: A network sampling approach for the HUD-mandated point-in-time count. Working Paper, University of Washington. J Epidemiol. 2024; Under revision.","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwae342"},{"key":"2026041022520000000_2025.01.23.634551v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Redline B , Semborski S , Madden DR , Rhoades H , Henwood BF . Examining sleep disturbance among sheltered and unsheltered transition age youth experiencing homelessness. Med Care. 2021; 59.","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001410"},{"key":"2026041022520000000_2025.01.23.634551v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2020.01.002"},{"key":"2026041022520000000_2025.01.23.634551v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.41.6.10"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026041022520000000_2025.01.23.634551v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.7827","article-title":"Sleep loss in the homeless\u2014An additional factor of precariousness: Survey in a group of homeless people","volume":"177","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Internal Medicine"},{"key":"2026041022520000000_2025.01.23.634551v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.39.1.2"},{"key":"2026041022520000000_2025.01.23.634551v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agrawal P , Neisler J , Businelle MS , et al. Exposure to Violence and Sleep Inadequacies among Men and Women Living in a Shelter Setting. Health Behav Res. 2019; 2 (4).","DOI":"10.4148\/2572-1836.1051"},{"key":"2026041022520000000_2025.01.23.634551v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218870"},{"key":"2026041022520000000_2025.01.23.634551v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia CM , Schrier EF , Carey C , Valle KA , Evans JL , Kushel M . Sleep quality among homeless-experienced older adults: Exploratory results from the HOPE HOME study. J Gen Intern Med. 2023.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-023-08429-4"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026041022520000000_2025.01.23.634551v1.11","first-page":"e12843","article-title":"Daytime light exposure is a strong predictor of seasonal variation in sleep and circadian timing of university students","volume":"74","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pineal Res."},{"key":"2026041022520000000_2025.01.23.634551v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2014.12.010"},{"key":"2026041022520000000_2025.01.23.634551v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2014.12.008"},{"key":"2026041022520000000_2025.01.23.634551v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.03.038"},{"key":"2026041022520000000_2025.01.23.634551v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07420520500545979"},{"key":"2026041022520000000_2025.01.23.634551v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2923"},{"key":"2026041022520000000_2025.01.23.634551v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Windred DP , Burns AC , Lane JM , et al. Sleep regularity is a stronger predictor of mortality risk than sleep duration: A prospective cohort study. Sleep. 2024; 47 (1).","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsad253"},{"key":"2026041022520000000_2025.01.23.634551v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim B , Troxel WM , Dubowitz T , et al. Mediating Role of Psychological Distress in the Associations between Neighborhood Social Environments and Sleep Health. Sleep. 2022.","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac087"},{"key":"2026041022520000000_2025.01.23.634551v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.02.027"},{"key":"2026041022520000000_2025.01.23.634551v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2021.05.005"},{"key":"2026041022520000000_2025.01.23.634551v1.21","unstructured":"Signorel A . DescTools: Tools for Descriptive Statistics_. R package version 0.99.50. In:2023:https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=DescTools."},{"key":"2026041022520000000_2025.01.23.634551v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.201530198"},{"key":"2026041022520000000_2025.01.23.634551v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1901824116"},{"key":"2026041022520000000_2025.01.23.634551v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rice A , Sather O , Wright KP, Jr. , Vetter C , Martin MA , de la Iglesia HO . COVID-19 Stay-at-Home Restrictions Increase the Alignment in Sleep and Light Exposure between School Days and Weekends in University Students. Sleep. 2023.","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsad059"},{"key":"2026041022520000000_2025.01.23.634551v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau6200"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026041022520000000_2025.01.23.634551v1.26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4","volume":"67","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal Of Statistical Software"},{"key":"2026041022520000000_2025.01.23.634551v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03171-4"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2025.01.23.634551","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T05:52:07Z","timestamp":1775886727000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2025.01.23.634551"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]]},"references-count":27,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.01.23.634551","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}