{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T05:49:38Z","timestamp":1782280178088,"version":"3.54.5"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":82,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be characterized as a disorder of fear learning and memory, in which there is a failure to retain memory for the extinction of conditioned fear. Sleep has been implicated in successful extinction retention. The coupling of sleep spindles to slow oscillations (SOs) during non-rapid eye movement sleep has been shown to broadly underpin sleep\u2019s beneficial effect on memory consolidation. However, the role of this oscillatory coupling in the retention of extinction memories is unknown. In a large sample of 124 trauma-exposed individuals, we investigated SO-spindle coupling in relation to fear extinction memory. We found that participants with a PTSD diagnosis, relative to trauma-exposed controls, showed significantly altered SO-spindle timing, such that PTSD participants exhibited spindle coupling further away from the peak of the SO. Across participants, the amount of coupling significantly predicted extinction retention, with coupled spindles uniquely predicting successful extinction retention compared to uncoupled spindles. These results suggest that SO-spindle coupling is critical for successful retention of extinguished fear, and that SO-spindle coupling dynamics are altered in PTSD. These alterations in the mechanics of sleep may have substantial clinical implications, meriting further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.01.27.634866","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T16:05:22Z","timestamp":1738080322000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Slow oscillation-sleep spindle coupling is associated with fear extinction retention in trauma-exposed individuals"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3740-7587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Denis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of York, York, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4495-5354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Bottary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Graduate Clinical Psychology, Widener University, Chester, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4187-9640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tony J.","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Sleep and Cognition, Psychiatry Department, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9943-9862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Per","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cagri","family":"Yuksel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schizophrenia and Bipolar Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8620-5132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed R.","family":"Milad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGovern Medical School, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward F.","family":"Pace-Schott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Mass General Brigham, Charlestown, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13587-015-0016-y"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.06.026"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.121208.131631"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2022.100500"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21369"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa007"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.7","first-page":"123","article-title":"Sleep Deprivation Disrupts Recall of Conditioned Fear Extinction","volume":"2","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuksel C , Watford L , Muranaka M , Daffre C , McCoy E , Lax H , et al. (2024): REM disruption and REM vagal activity predict extinction recall in trauma-exposed individuals. Psychol Med 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.09.28.560007"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denis D , Bottary R , Cunningham TJ , Drummond SPA , Straus LD (2023): Beta spectral power during sleep is associated with impaired recall of extinguished fear. Sleep zsad209.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.09.08.506006"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2019.08.016"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2021.101501"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/ETLS20230109"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0467-3"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0818-20.2021"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-00833-2"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab360"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2024.02.002"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.101992.1"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11444-x"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0361-z"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.011"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.4788"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay8477"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.06.025"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0911-21.2022"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.766647"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2023.100516"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102390"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa064"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2024.07.019"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.01.087"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3527"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4502"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40675-021-00207-0"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13685"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721002075"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsab261"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.38","unstructured":"First M , Gibbon M , Spitzer R , Williams J (2007): Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders\u2013Non-Patient Edition (SCID-I\/NP). New York, NY: Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute."},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.39","unstructured":"Weathers F , Blake D , Schnurr P , Kaloupek D , Marx B , Keane T (2013): The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5). Retrieved October 9, 2024, from https:\/\/www.ptsd.va.gov"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.914"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.43","unstructured":"Iber C , Ancoli-Israel S , Chesson A , Quan SF (2007): The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specification. Westchester, IL: Americian Academy of Sleep Medicine."},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.07.027"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep\/32.1.19"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.02.011"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00433"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.053412.121"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-3-62"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1946-19.2020"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.51","first-page":"123","article-title":"Macro and micro sleep architecture and cognitive performance in older adults","volume":"5","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2855"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEURON.2017.11.020"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4119"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02664768800000026"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-014-0807-8"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2024.10.026"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171300250X"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.59","first-page":"363","article-title":"Default Mode Network Subsystems Are Differentially Disrupted in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","volume":"2","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22816"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1318-04.2004"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0807933106"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.57011"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00042.2018"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32840-w"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-5380-1-5"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-022-01460-9"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.07.023"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2023.111706"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59815-5"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.07.016"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.72","first-page":"706","article-title":"Increased Thalamocortical Connectivity in Schizophrenia Correlates With Sleep Spindle Deficits: Evidence for a Common Pathophysiology","volume":"4","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40675-024-00291-y"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23520-2"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000223"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.76","first-page":"zsy175","article-title":"Large-scale structure and individual fingerprints of locally coupled sleep oscillations","volume":"41","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15930"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12040432"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.02.026"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa007"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.07.027"},{"key":"2026041023071449000_2025.01.27.634866v1.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep\/32.1.19"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2025.01.27.634866","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T04:57:50Z","timestamp":1782277070000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2025.01.27.634866"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"references-count":82,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.01.27.634866","relation":{"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2025.08.009","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}