{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T13:23:55Z","timestamp":1768569835559,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"group-title":"Cardiovascular Medicine","reference-count":26,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Vectorcardiographic 3D QRS voltage-time integral (VTI\n                    <jats:sub>QRS-3D<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) is a novel marker of ventricular dyssynchrony pertinent for cardiac resynchronization therapy. It may have additional clinical utility but its normal reference ranges have not been established. We sought to define reference ranges for VTI\n                    <jats:sub>QRS-3D<\/jats:sub>\n                    in healthy individuals.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We retrospectively analyzed 12-lead ECGs of healthy adults (2010-2014) and compared them to patients with cardiomyopathy with reduced ejection fraction (EF) &lt;50%. Using the Kors matrix, 12-lead ECGs with QRS duration \u2264120 ms were converted to vectorcardiographic X, Y, and Z leads. VTI\n                    <jats:sub>QRS-3D<\/jats:sub>\n                    was calculated as the instantaneous root-mean-square (3D) voltage integrated over the QRS duration. Reference range limits were defined as the 2.5th to 97.5th percentiles respectively for healthy females and males in age groups 18-34, 35-54 and \u226555 years.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The study included 468 healthy adults (age 44.6 \u00b1 17.0 years; 63.9% female) and 314 patients with cardiomyopathy (age 62.1 \u00b1 14.0 years; 34.4% female). VTI\n                    <jats:sub>QRS-3D<\/jats:sub>\n                    was significantly larger in the cardiomyopathy patients compared to the healthy population (48.2\u00b121.4 vs. 38.1\u00b19.3 \u00b5Vs, p&lt;0.0001). Increased age and female sex were significant predictors of lower VTI\n                    <jats:sub>QRS-3D<\/jats:sub>\n                    in the healthy population (both p&lt;0.0001). VTI\n                    <jats:sub>QRS-3D<\/jats:sub>\n                    reference ranges for respective age groups for healthy females were 23.2-55.0, 23.9-56.4 and 19.6-50.9 \u00b5Vs, and for healthy males were 29.9-57.2, 28.2-56.7 and 21.4-55.9 \u00b5Vs.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    VTI\n                    <jats:sub>QRS-3D<\/jats:sub>\n                    is higher at younger age in healthy population, male sex and in patients having cardiomyopathy with reduced EF. Age and sex need to be accounted for using VTI\n                    <jats:sub>QRS-3D<\/jats:sub>\n                    as a marker for structural heart disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.02.12.25322179","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T16:45:16Z","timestamp":1739465116000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["QRS 3D Voltage-Time Integral in Narrow QRS Complex - Establishing the Normal Reference Range"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Amulya","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uzair","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob 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