{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T13:24:57Z","timestamp":1768569897370,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"group-title":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology","reference-count":96,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/about\/FAQ#license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Psychiatry lags in adopting etiological approaches to diagnosis, prognosis, and outcome prediction compared to the rest of medicine. Etiological factors such as childhood trauma (CHT), substance use (SU), and socioeconomic status (SES) significantly affect psychotic disorder symptoms. This study applied an agnostic clustering approach to identify exposome clusters \u201cExposotypes (ETs)\u201d and examine their relationship with clinical, cognitive, and functional outcomes. Using data from individuals with psychotic disorders (n=1,350), and controls (n=623), we assessed the relationship between the exposotypes and outcomes. Four exposotypes were identified: ET1 characterized by high CHT and SU; ET2, high CHT; ET3, high SU; ET4, low exposure. Compared to ET4, ET1 demonstrated higher positive and general symptoms, anxiety, depression, impulsivity, and mania; ET2 had higher anxiety, depression, and impulsivity; ET3 had better cognitive and functional outcomes with lower negative symptoms. Intracranial volume was largest in ET3, and smallest in ET2. No group differences in schizophrenia polygenic risk scores were found. The age of onset was 5 years earlier in ET1 than in ET4. These findings provide insight into the complex etiological interplay between trauma, and SU, as well as their unique effects on clinical symptoms, cognition, neurobiology, genetic risk, and functioning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.02.14.25322306","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T19:25:21Z","timestamp":1739906721000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exposotypes in Psychotic Disorders"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9612-0485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walid","family":"Yassin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Kromenacker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James B","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carol A","family":"Tamminga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta C.","family":"del Re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pegah","family":"Seif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6915-3385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cuihua","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ney","family":"Alliey-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elliot S","family":"Gershon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brett A","family":"Clementz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Godfrey D","family":"Pearlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah S","family":"Keedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena I","family":"Ivleva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott Kristian","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer E","family":"McDowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matcheri S","family":"Keshavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2023.11.015","article-title":"The schizophrenia syndrome, circa 2024: What we know and how that informs its nature","volume":"264","year":"2024","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(95)00057-S"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt179"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2015.14091200"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbab090"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.18.1837"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, S. Y . Role of Statins in Coronary Artery Disease. Chonnam Med. J. 49, 1 (2013).","DOI":"10.4068\/cmj.2013.49.1.1"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)91623-X","article-title":"TOWARDS AN AETIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF SCHIZOPHRENIA","volume":"325","year":"1985","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2005.7.1\/kdean","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for psychosis","volume":"7","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20894"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2023.11.004","article-title":"Childhood trauma and psychosis\u2014Searching for causes and mechanisms","volume":"262","year":"2023","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-021-01938-9","article-title":"Traumatic experiences in childhood and the development of psychosis spectrum disorders","volume":"31","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2011.13.2\/ischaefer","article-title":"Childhood trauma and psychosis - what is the evidence?","volume":"13","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2023.03.029","article-title":"Characterization of childhood trauma, hippocampal mediation and Cannabis use in a large dataset of psychosis and non-psychosis individuals","volume":"255","year":"2023","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2051-5545.2008.tb00158.x"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"arcr.v40.1.06","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v40.1.06","article-title":"Alcohol Use Disorder and Schizophrenia and SchizoaffectiveL Disorders","volume":"40","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alcohol Res. Curr. Rev"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.04.042","article-title":"Differential effects of childhood trauma and cannabis use disorders in patients suffering from schizophrenia","volume":"175","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764020943629","article-title":"The effect of childhood trauma on age of onset in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"66","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714002372"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.116.194019"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.21","first-page":"e100659","article-title":"Relationships between childhood trauma and dissociative, psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia: a case\u2013control study. Gen","volume":"35","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.-J. et al. Linking childhood trauma to the psychopathology of schizophrenia: the role of oxytocin. Schizophrenia 10, 24 (2024).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-024-00433-9"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1177\/00048674231177223","article-title":"Childhood trauma is prevalent and associated with co-occurring depression, anxiety, mania and psychosis in young people attending Australian youth mental health services","volume":"57","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1708\/4022.39978"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-022-01416-6"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joseph, J. et al. Greater maltreatment severity is associated with smaller brain volume with implication for intellectual ability in young children. Neurobiol. Stress 27, 100576 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2023.100576"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2018.03.008","article-title":"Associations between adolescent cannabis use and brain structure in psychosis","volume":"276","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.08.004","article-title":"Childhood Trauma and Psychosis","volume":"29","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.29","first-page":"56","article-title":"Cannabis Use and its Association with Psychological Disorders","volume":"50","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. Bull"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.07.070","article-title":"Relationship between cannabis and psychosis: Reasons for use and associated clinical variables","volume":"229","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2020.22.3\/pfadda","article-title":"Cannabinoids and their therapeutic applications in mental disorders","volume":"22","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3210","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721005316","article-title":"Evolution of impulsivity levels in relation to early cannabis use in violent patients in the early phase of psychosis","volume":"53","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Med"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Vos, C. et al. The relationship between cannabis use and cognition in people diagnosed with first-episode psychosis. Psychiatry Res. 293, 113424 (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113424"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rachid, H. , Saif, Z. , Raoui, S. , Serhier, Z. & Agoub, M . Does cannabis affect cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia? Schizophr. Res. Cogn. 36, 100299 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scog.2023.100299"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linszen, D. H . Cannabis Abuse and the Course of Recent-Onset Schizophrenic Disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 51, 273 (1994).","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950040017002"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2004.09.013"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30074-2","article-title":"Psychiatric symptoms caused by cannabis constituents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.07.007"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.124708"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2016.06.004","article-title":"Effects of Marijuana Use on Brain Structure and Function: Neuroimaging Findings from a Neurodevelopmental Perspective","volume":"129","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.06.039","article-title":"Demographic and clinical correlates of substance use disorders in first episode psychosis","volume":"194","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291707009956"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.23312"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agartz, I. , Momenan, R. , Rawlings, R. R. , Kerich, M. J. & Hommer, D. W . Hippocampal Volume in Patients With Alcohol Dependence. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 56, 356 (1999).","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.4.356"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.01.018"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.04.016"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0382-6"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09030311"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-021-02070-4","article-title":"Early age of onset of mood, anxiety and alcohol use disorders is associated with sociodemographic characteristics and health outcomes in adults: results from a cross-sectional national survey","volume":"56","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fond, G. B. et al. Poverty and inequality in real-world schizophrenia: a national study. Front. Public Health 11, 1182441 (2023).","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1182441"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.51","first-page":"e100735","article-title":"Association between socioeconomic inequality and the global prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders: an ecological study. Gen","volume":"35","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Q. et al. Identifying the mediating role of socioeconomic status on the relationship between schizophrenia and major depressive disorder: a Mendelian randomisation analysis. Schizophrenia 9, 53 (2023).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-023-00389-2"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/apt.10.3.216"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lau, J. H. et al. The factor structure of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and correlates of impulsivity among outpatients with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders in Singapore. BMC Psychiatry 22, 226 (2022).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-03870-x"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.04.023"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dervaux, A . Impulsivity and sensation seeking in alcohol abusing patients with schizophrenia. Front. Psychiatry 1, (2010).","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2010.00135"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721002403","article-title":"Effects of socioeconomic status in cognition of people with schizophrenia: results from a Latin American collaboration network with 1175 subjects","volume":"52","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Med"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713001608"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi_2012_26_061","article-title":"Socioeconomic-Status and Mental Health in a Personality Disorder Sample: The Importance of Neighborhood Factors","volume":"27","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Personal. Disord"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2014.995332","article-title":"Adolescent Initiation of Cannabis use and Early-Onset Psychosis","volume":"36","year":"2015","journal-title":"Subst. Abuse"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seti\u00e9n-Suero, E. et al. Childhood trauma and substance use underlying psychosis: a systematic review. Eur. J. Psychotraumatology 11, 1748342 (2020).","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2020.1748342"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mock, S. E. & Arai, S. M . Childhood Trauma and Chronic Illness in Adulthood: Mental Health and Socioeconomic Status as Explanatory Factors and Buffers. Front. Psychol. 1, (2011).","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2010.00246"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.63","first-page":"99","article-title":"Co-Occurring Alcohol Use Disorder and Schizophrenia","volume":"26","year":"2002","journal-title":"Alcohol Res Health"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schneider, M. , M\u00fcller, C. P. & Knies, A. K . Low income and schizophrenia risk: A narrative review. Behav. Brain Res. 435, 114047 (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2022.114047"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pries, L.-K. , Erzin, G. , Rutten, B. P. F. , Van Os, J. & Guloksuz, S . Estimating Aggregate Environmental Risk Score in Psychiatry: The Exposome Score for Schizophrenia. Front. Psychiatry 12, 671334 (2021).","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.671334"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.10.014","article-title":"The \u201cpolyenviromic risk score\u201d: Aggregating environmental risk factors predicts conversion to psychosis in familial high-risk subjects","volume":"181","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbz054"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbae219"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.69","unstructured":"Hollingshead, A. A . Four-factor index of social status. Yale University, New Haven, CT. (1975)."},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/t02080-000"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.71","unstructured":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IVL; Includes ICD-9-CM Codes Effective 1. Oct. 96. (Washington, DC, 1998)."},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.157.6.853"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02876-z"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.13010126"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00569-X"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brock, G. , Pihur, V. , Datta, S. & Datta, S . clValid\u25a1: An R Package for Cluster Validation. J. Stat. Softw. 25, (2008).","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v025.i04"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.07.038","article-title":"Neurocognitive profiles in the prodrome to psychosis in NAPLS-1","volume":"204","year":"2019","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-021-01315-2","article-title":"Characterising cognitive heterogeneity in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis: a cluster analysis with clinical and functional outcome prediction","volume":"272","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.08.07.24311240"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1444","DOI":"10.1002\/widm.1444","article-title":"Validation of cluster analysis results on validation data: A systematic framework","volume":"12","year":"2022","journal-title":"WIREs Data Min. Knowl. Discov"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahoun, T. et al. The relationship between childhood trauma, dopamine release and dexamphetamine-induced positive psychotic symptoms: a [11C]-(+)-PHNO PET study. Transl. Psychiatry 9, 287 (2019).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0627-y"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03033802"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, M. et al. Alcohol drinking in male patients with chronic schizophrenia: prevalence and its relationship to clinical symptoms. Front. Psychiatry 14, 1164968 (2023).","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1164968"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-00938-8","article-title":"Long-term alcohol consumption alters dorsal striatal dopamine release and regulation by D2 dopamine receptors in rhesus macaques","volume":"46","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp006"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X21666230322145049","article-title":"The Translational Future of Stress Neurobiology and PsychosisVulnerability: A Review of the Evidence","volume":"22","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291709991966"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbm127","article-title":"Childhood Sexual Abuse, Early Cannabis Use, and Psychosis: Testing an Interaction Model Based on the National Comorbidity Survey","volume":"34","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.10.001"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, H. J. et al. Phenotypic Manifestation of Genetic Risk for Schizophrenia During Adolescence in the General Population. JAMA Psychiatry 73, 221 (2016).","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.3058"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125315583820"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.5.924"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2021.21060664","article-title":"Long-Term Cannabis Use and Cognitive Reserves and Hippocampal Volume in Midlife","volume":"179","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.13315","article-title":"SubfieldLspecific longitudinal changes of hippocampal volumes in patients with earlyLstage bipolar disorder","volume":"25","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12085"},{"key":"2025022006301075000_2025.02.14.25322306v1.96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/13816128113199990435"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2025.02.14.25322306","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T20:28:18Z","timestamp":1768508898000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/medrxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2025.02.14.25322306"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"references-count":96,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.02.14.25322306","relation":{"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1038\/s41598-025-14438-6","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}