{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T03:25:35Z","timestamp":1784949935984,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":58,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Since the first emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses in dairy cattle, the virus has continued to spread, reaching at least 17 states and at least 970 dairy herds in the United States. Subsequently, spillovers of the virus from dairy cattle to humans have been reported. Pigs are an important reservoir in influenza ecology because they serve as a mixing vessel in which novel reassortant viruses with pandemic potential can be generated. Here, we show that oro-respiratory infection of pigs resulted in productive replication of a bovine-derived HPAI H5N1 B3.13 virus. Infectious virus was mainly identified in the lower respiratory tract of principal infected pigs, and sero-conversion was observed in most of the principal pigs at later time points. In one animal, we detected the emergence of a mutation in hemagglutinin (HA) previously associated with increased affinity for \u201cmammalian-type\u201d \u03b12,6-linked sialic acid receptors, but this mutation did not reach consensus levels. Sentinel contact pigs remained sero-negative throughout the study, indicating lack of transmission. The results support that pigs are susceptible to a bovine-derived HPAI H5N1 B3.13 virus, but this virus did not replicate as robustly in pigs as mink-derived HPAI H5N1 and swine-adapted influenza viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.03.04.641414","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T09:40:24Z","timestamp":1741167624000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Pathogenicity and transmissibility of bovine-derived HPAI H5N1 B3.13 virus in pigs"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Taeyong","family":"Kwon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine\/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessie D.","family":"Trujillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine\/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariano","family":"Carossino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA"},{"name":"Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather M.","family":"Machkovech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konner","family":"Cool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine\/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eu Lim","family":"Lyoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine\/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gagandeep","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine\/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujan","family":"Kafle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine\/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanmugasundaram","family":"Elango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine\/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Govindsamy","family":"Vediyappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine\/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanting","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Minor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franco S.","family":"Matias-Ferreyra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine\/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Morozov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine\/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha N.","family":"Gaudreault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine\/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Udeni B. R.","family":"Balasuriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Hensley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonotic and Emerging Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3237-8940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego G.","family":"Diel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9831-6895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas C.","family":"Friedrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"},{"name":"Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7308-5672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juergen A.","family":"Richt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine\/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026041112194981000_2025.03.04.641414v2.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05305.x"},{"key":"2026041112194981000_2025.03.04.641414v2.2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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Polymerase mutations underlie early adaptation of H5N1 influenza virus to dairy cattle and other mammals. bioRxiv. 2025.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.01.06.631435"},{"key":"2026041112194981000_2025.03.04.641414v2.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.18.12058-12064.2005"},{"key":"2026041112194981000_2025.03.04.641414v2.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000709"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026041112194981000_2025.03.04.641414v2.50","first-page":"27","article-title":"Influenza A variants with reduced susceptibility to baloxavir isolated from Japanese patients are fit and transmit through respiratory droplets","volume":"5","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"2026041112194981000_2025.03.04.641414v2.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3009.240696"},{"key":"2026041112194981000_2025.03.04.641414v2.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jassem AN , Roberts A , Tyson J , et al. Critical Illness in an Adolescent with Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Infection. N Engl J Med. 2024 Dec 31.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2415890"},{"key":"2026041112194981000_2025.03.04.641414v2.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eisfeld AJ , Biswas A , Guan LZ , et al. Pathogenicity and transmissibility of bovine H5N1 influenza virus. Nature. 2024 Sep 12;633(8029).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07766-6"},{"key":"2026041112194981000_2025.03.04.641414v2.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu C , Maemura T , Guan L , et al. A human isolate of bovine H5N1 is transmissible and lethal in animal models. Nature. 2024 Oct 28.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08254-7"},{"key":"2026041112194981000_2025.03.04.641414v2.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pulit-Penaloza JA , Belser JA , Brock N , et al. Transmission of a human isolate of clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1) virus in ferrets. 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