{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T17:15:35Z","timestamp":1778001335308,"version":"3.51.4"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":73,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  This study investigated the roles of cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1R and CB2R) in regulating host responses to\n                  <jats:italic>Salmonella Typhimurium<\/jats:italic>\n                  in C57BL\/6 mice. The absence of both receptors significantly impaired host resilience, as evidenced by increased weight loss, deteriorated body condition, and reduced survival following infection. Notably, CB1R deficiency resulted in more pronounced weight loss and heightened susceptibility to bacterial proliferation, as demonstrated by increased\n                  <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                  dissemination to organs. In addition, both CB1R and CB2R knockout mice exhibited alterations in immune cell recruitment and cytokine production. CB1R-KO mice displayed increased T cell and macrophage populations, whereas CB2R-KO mice showed a reduction in NK cells, indicating receptor-specific effects on immune cell mobilization. Cytokine profiling of macrophages post-infection revealed that CB1R-KO mice had reduced IL-10 levels, along with increased IL-6 and TGF-\u03b2, suggesting a dysregulated polarization state that combines pro-inflammatory and regulatory elements. In contrast, CB2R-KO mice exhibited a profile consistent with a more straightforward pro-inflammatory shift.\n                <\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Furthermore, microbiota analysis demonstrated that CB2R-KO mice experienced significant gut dysbiosis, including reduced levels of beneficial\n                  <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                  and\n                  <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                  species and an increase in pro-inflammatory\n                  <jats:italic>Alistipes<\/jats:italic>\n                  species post-infection. Functional microbiome analysis further indicated declines in key metabolic pathways, such as the\n                  <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                  shunt, L-glutamine biosynthesis, and L-lysine biosynthesis, suggesting microbiota-driven immune dysregulation. Together, these findings highlight the distinct, non-redundant roles of CB1R and CB2R in modulating innate immunity, host defense, and microbiota composition during bacterial infections.\n                <\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Significance Statement<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Understanding the role of cannabinoid receptors in immune regulation is important for identifying new therapeutic targets for bacterial infections. Our study demonstrates that CB1R and CB2R play distinct, non-redundant roles in host defense against\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhimurium. The absence of these receptors impairs host resilience, increases bacterial dissemination, and alters immune cell recruitment and cytokine production. Notably, CB1R deficiency leads to enhanced weight loss, increased bacterial spread, and a dysregulated macrophage cytokine profile\u2014characterized by reduced IL-10 and elevated IL-6 and TGF-\u03b2\u2014while CB2R deficiency is associated with reduced NK cell numbers and a more pronounced pro-inflammatory cytokine profile. These findings reveal a receptor-specific balance in immune responses, suggesting that cannabinoid signaling modulates infection outcomes. Targeting CB1R and CB2R pathways may offer novel strategies to enhance host immunity and improve treatments for bacterial infections in the future.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.03.10.642352","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T12:52:30Z","timestamp":1741870350000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cannabinoid receptor deficiencies drive immune response dynamics in\n                  <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                  infection"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3420-8059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hailey A.","family":"Barker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 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