{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:23:13Z","timestamp":1790878993288,"version":"4.1.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"group-title":"Infectious Diseases (except HIV\/AIDS)","reference-count":50,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa is typically focused on\n Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n (\n Pf<\/jats:italic>\n ), but non-falciparum species like\n P. ovale curtisi<\/jats:italic>\n (\n Poc<\/jats:italic>\n ) and\n P. ovale wallikeri<\/jats:italic>\n (\n Pow<\/jats:italic>\n ) appear to be rising in prevalence, especially in East Africa.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n We conducted polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based screening of 7,173 asymptomatic individuals over 5 years of age in coastal Tanzania from 2018-2022, employing real-time 18S rRNA PCR assays for\n P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n and\n P. ovale<\/jats:italic>\n , followed by\n Poc<\/jats:italic>\n \/\n Pow<\/jats:italic>\n detection.\n Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n positivity was compared across seasons and demographic groups, and interactions between species were analyzed via binomial regression.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Pf<\/jats:italic>\n infection (prevalence 27.4%) was associated with younger age, male sex, and higher recent cumulative rainfall, whereas these associations were not apparent for\n P. ovale<\/jats:italic>\n (\n Po<\/jats:italic>\n , prevalence 11.5%).\n Po<\/jats:italic>\n infections appeared to peak during months with lower\n Pf<\/jats:italic>\n prevalence, especially during the long wet season, when\n Po<\/jats:italic>\n mono-infections predominated and fewer\n Pf<\/jats:italic>\n -\n Po<\/jats:italic>\n co-infections were detected than expected by independent assortment. This apparent antagonism was reversed during the short wet season:\n Pf<\/jats:italic>\n -\n Po<\/jats:italic>\n co-infections were comparatively enriched despite low overall\n Po<\/jats:italic>\n prevalence. In contrast, excess mixed\n Poc<\/jats:italic>\n \/\n Pow<\/jats:italic>\n infections were detected across all seasons, composing 23% of the\n Po<\/jats:italic>\n -positive isolates in which a specific\n Po<\/jats:italic>\n species could be detected.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n The epidemiology of\n P. ovale<\/jats:italic>\n species in coastal Tanzania suggests they are frequently present when\n P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n recedes, but also co-infect the same hosts during the short wet season. Meanwhile, the individual\n Poc<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Pow<\/jats:italic>\n species often co-exist within individuals, perhaps due to co-transmission or concurrent relapse.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.03.12.25323778","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T16:50:16Z","timestamp":1741884616000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Seasonal variation and interspecies dynamics among\n Plasmodium falciparum<\/i>\n and\n ovale<\/i>\n species in Bagamoyo, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3200-1644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly","family":"Carey-Ewend","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aidan","family":"Marten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Editruda Ernest","family":"Peter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melic","family":"Odas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Msolo Credo","family":"Dominick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meredith","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srijana","family":"Chhetri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kano","family":"Amagai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaack","family":"Rutha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatuma","family":"Kisandu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lusekelo","family":"Beka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oksana","family":"Kharabora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary R.","family":"Popkin-Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessie K.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily W.","family":"Gower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan J.","family":"Juliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Billy E.","family":"Ngasala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica T.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2025032002514795000_2025.03.12.25323778v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1980.29.725","article-title":"A longitudinal study of human malaria in the West African Savanna in the absence of control measures: relationships between different Plasmodium species, in particular P. falciparum and P. malariae","volume":"29","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg. 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