{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T05:54:08Z","timestamp":1782280448121,"version":"3.54.5"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":106,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]],"date-time":"2025-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/about\/FAQ#license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Transfeminine people (assigned male at birth) often undergo penile inversion vaginoplasty to create vulva, a clitoris and a vaginal canal (referred to as a neovagina). After vaginoplasty, transfeminine people frequently experience gynecological concerns but their etiology is unknown due to a lack of knowledge of the neovaginal microenvironment. We characterized neovaginal microbiota and cytokines in 47 transfeminine participants. Participants self-reported sexual behaviors and symptoms, enabling correlation with bacterial (16S rRNA) and immune profiles. Four distinct clusters of co-occurring bacteria with unique immune profiles were identified. One cluster, which included\n                  <jats:italic>Fastidiosipila<\/jats:italic>\n                  ,\n                  <jats:italic>Ezakiella<\/jats:italic>\n                  , and\n                  <jats:italic>Murdochiella<\/jats:italic>\n                  , was abundant, stable, and correlated with lower cytokines. Conversely, another cluster containing\n                  <jats:italic>Howardella<\/jats:italic>\n                  ,\n                  <jats:italic>Parvimonas<\/jats:italic>\n                  ,\n                  <jats:italic>Fusobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                  , and\n                  <jats:italic>Lawsonella<\/jats:italic>\n                  was linked to higher cytokines. Although\n                  <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                  was detected,\n                  <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                  -dominance was rare. These findings underscore the need for evidence-based clinical guidelines tailored to transfeminine gynecologic care, emphasizing the vital role of the neovaginal microbiome in symptom management and sexual health.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.03.14.643288","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T16:46:29Z","timestamp":1742402789000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Neovaginal Microbiota, Symptoms, and Local Immune Correlates in Transfeminine Individuals with Penile Inversion Vaginoplasty"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Jorge","family":"Rojas-Vargas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Wilcox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bern","family":"Monari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawel","family":"Gajer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Zuanazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ainslie","family":"Shouldice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reeya","family":"Parmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priscilla","family":"Haywood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Tai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonah","family":"Krakowsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emery","family":"Potter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0851-2233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacques","family":"Ravel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0805-4196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Prodger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2025032100320644000_2025.03.14.643288v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25318\/9810003601-eng"},{"key":"2025032100320644000_2025.03.14.643288v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3886\/ICPSR37229.V1"},{"key":"2025032100320644000_2025.03.14.643288v1.3","unstructured":"Coleman, E. et al. 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