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In these studies, we directly compared lung neutrophil activation following infection with different groups of pathogens including bacteria, fungi, and helminths. Our results demonstrate considerable heterogeneity depending on the type of infectious agent. In contrast to bacterial and fungal infection, after helminth infection neutrophils expressed markers associated with characteristic type 2 responses and unexpectedly upregulated genes associated with cell cycling and protein synthesis. Further studies showed reduced neutrophil cell death following helminth infection and increased proliferation, which was dependent on IL-4R signaling. This distinct subset of proliferating neutrophils expanded following helminth infection and was released from the endothelial niche to colocalize with invading parasites in the airways. These studies demonstrate a novel long-lived cycling phenotype for neutrophils following helminth infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.03.25.645229","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]],"date-time":"2025-03-30T02:07:57Z","timestamp":1743300477000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Helminth infection favors reprogramming and proliferation of lung neutrophils"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Fei","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunity and Inflammation"},{"name":"Department of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suheyla","family":"Batirbek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunity and Inflammation"},{"name":"Department of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Espinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunity and 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