{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T06:03:10Z","timestamp":1782280990927,"version":"3.54.5"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"group-title":"Evolutionary Biology","reference-count":31,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Despite previous decline of malaria in Ethiopia, an outbreak in Dire Dawa in 2022 implicated invasive vector\n                  <jats:italic>An. stephensi<\/jats:italic>\n                  as responsible. The transmission of\n                  <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                  by invasive\n                  <jats:italic>An. stephensi<\/jats:italic>\n                  raises questions about the molecular basis of compatibility, and the origin of the\n                  <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                  being transmitted. The\n                  <jats:italic>Plasmodium P47<\/jats:italic>\n                  gene is a parasite-vector interaction gene in\n                  <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                  , and along with corresponding mosquito\n                  <jats:italic>P47<\/jats:italic>\n                  receptor (\n                  <jats:italic>P47Rec<\/jats:italic>\n                  ), can be critical in establishment of\n                  <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                  infections in anophelines. Here, we analyzed\n                  <jats:italic>P47<\/jats:italic>\n                  and\n                  <jats:italic>P47Rec<\/jats:italic>\n                  sequences to determine the origin of\n                  <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                  detected in\n                  <jats:italic>An. stephensi<\/jats:italic>\n                  during the outbreak and evaluate markers of compatibility. Analysis of geographically informative SNPs in\n                  <jats:italic>Pfs47<\/jats:italic>\n                  revealed that these\n                  <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                  exhibit the African haplotype. We also identified a single amino acid change in P47Rec within these\n                  <jats:italic>An. stephensi,<\/jats:italic>\n                  which could act as a marker for the propensity of\n                  <jats:italic>An. stephensi<\/jats:italic>\n                  populations to outbreaks. Together, we provide the basis for further study to deepen the understanding of invasive\n                  <jats:italic>An. stephensi<\/jats:italic>\n                  \u2013African\n                  <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                  interactions to better control transmission of malaria and prevent further outbreaks.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.03.26.645571","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T04:55:41Z","timestamp":1743483341000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genetic surveillance of\n                  <i>Plasmodium-Anopheles<\/i>\n                  compatibility markers during\n                  <i>Anopheles stephensi<\/i>\n                  associated malaria outbreak"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6040-5710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Waymire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0464-0422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dejene","family":"Getachew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Biology, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9729-2879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isuru","family":"Gunarathna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Spear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Lloyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6676-9830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madison","family":"Follis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avery A.","family":"Kaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Said","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health Development, Hargeisa, Somaliland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1510-8316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solomon","family":"Yared","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Jigjiga University, Jijiga, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9438-9541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamar E.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026041201445261000_2025.03.26.645571v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.09.001"},{"key":"2026041201445261000_2025.03.26.645571v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3904-y"},{"key":"2026041201445261000_2025.03.26.645571v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2015.03.013"},{"key":"2026041201445261000_2025.03.26.645571v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(23)00250-4"},{"key":"2026041201445261000_2025.03.26.645571v1.5","unstructured":"Gomez, M. Transforming Urban Mobility: Dire Dawa\u2019s good practice: MobiliseYourCity; 2024. https:\/\/www.mobiliseyourcity.net\/transforming-urban-mobility-dire-dawas-good-practice#."},{"key":"2026041201445261000_2025.03.26.645571v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2024.06.008"},{"key":"2026041201445261000_2025.03.26.645571v1.7","unstructured":"Population Size by Sex Zone and Wereda July 2022. statsethiopia.gov.et: 2022."},{"key":"2026041201445261000_2025.03.26.645571v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10997"},{"key":"2026041201445261000_2025.03.26.645571v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02641-9"},{"key":"2026041201445261000_2025.03.26.645571v1.10","unstructured":"Emiru, T. , Getachew, D. , Teka, H. , Abdo, M. , Behaksera, SW. , Alemayehu, L. , et al. (2022) Anopheles stephensi is linked with a recent outbreak of malaria in Dire Dawa City, Ethiopia. American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygeine 2022 Annual Meeting; 2022 11\/01\/2022; Seattle, WA."},{"key":"2026041201445261000_2025.03.26.645571v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2017.11.029"},{"key":"2026041201445261000_2025.03.26.645571v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2006.05.015"},{"key":"2026041201445261000_2025.03.26.645571v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1235264"},{"key":"2026041201445261000_2025.03.26.645571v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02667-0"},{"key":"2026041201445261000_2025.03.26.645571v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1917042117"},{"key":"2026041201445261000_2025.03.26.645571v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.17136"},{"key":"2026041201445261000_2025.03.26.645571v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1520426112"},{"key":"2026041201445261000_2025.03.26.645571v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168279"},{"key":"2026041201445261000_2025.03.26.645571v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1989.tb00473.x"},{"key":"2026041201445261000_2025.03.26.645571v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762013000300015"},{"key":"2026041201445261000_2025.03.26.645571v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.03.008"},{"key":"2026041201445261000_2025.03.26.645571v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3588"},{"key":"2026041201445261000_2025.03.26.645571v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04656-6"},{"key":"2026041201445261000_2025.03.26.645571v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11030409"},{"key":"2026041201445261000_2025.03.26.645571v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06604-y"},{"key":"2026041201445261000_2025.03.26.645571v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-3144-9"},{"key":"2026041201445261000_2025.03.26.645571v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2024.04.012"},{"key":"2026041201445261000_2025.03.26.645571v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16168.2"},{"key":"2026041201445261000_2025.03.26.645571v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010"},{"key":"2026041201445261000_2025.03.26.645571v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07462-3"},{"key":"2026041201445261000_2025.03.26.645571v1.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026036"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2025.03.26.645571","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T05:12:31Z","timestamp":1782277951000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2025.03.26.645571"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"references-count":31,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.03.26.645571","relation":{"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1186\/s13071-025-06981-y","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}