{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T02:40:47Z","timestamp":1783996847849,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"group-title":"Immunology","reference-count":66,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Anti-carbohydrate antibodies (Abs) play crucial roles in pathogen control, but their generation remains poorly understood. By studying responses to\n                  <jats:italic>Streptococcus pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                  in humans, we reveal that the glycan-targeted response shifts from IgM towards IgG and IgA memory with age and antigen exposure across blood, spleen, and tonsils. Both natural colonization and controlled human infection with\n                  <jats:italic>S. pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                  increased class-switched B cells, with evidence of within-clone switching. Glycan-specific B cells readily participated in germinal center (GC) responses and showed robust somatic hypermutation despite a molecular signature consistent with receiving reduced T cell help. We conclude that mucosal pathogen encounters elicit glycan responses that class-switch, evolve and diversify through the GC. These findings reveal how age and infection history can influence the quality, quantity, and isotype use of glycan-specific B cells, with implications for the design and schedule of glycan-containing vaccines.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.03.26.645614","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:02:02Z","timestamp":1743465722000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antibody responses against bacterial glycans affinity mature and diversify in germinal centers"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Holly A.","family":"Fryer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Pitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 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