{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T13:01:19Z","timestamp":1768568479052,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]]},"group-title":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology","reference-count":104,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]],"date-time":"2025-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The objectives of this study were to investigate associations between co-occurring developmental, psychiatric, behavioral, and medical symptoms and conditions and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) traits, as well as predictors of changes in autistic traits from early childhood to adolescence.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Participants from the Study to Explore Early Development (SEED) were identified as having autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (n=707), another developmental disorder (DD) (n=995), or as a population comparison group (POP) (n=898). Caregivers completed the Social Responsiveness Scale-2nd edition (SRS-2) to measure autistic traits and were asked about co-occurring symptoms and conditions when their child was 2-5 years old and 12-16 years old. Children completed the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) when they were 2-5 years old.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Regression models revealed that in early childhood and adolescence, multiple co-occurring symptoms and conditions were significantly associated with higher SRS-2 scores (e.g., motor, sensory, and sleep problems for children with ASD and DD). Within the ASD and DD groups, but not the POP group, lower MSEL scores at childhood were associated with greater increases in SRS-2 scores between early childhood and adolescence.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Findings suggest that motor, sensory, and sleep problems may be important intervention targets for ASD and DD youth with elevated SRS-2 scores and that interventions that target cognitive functioning in childhood may be important to modify trajectories of autistic traits from childhood to adolescence.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.04.16.25325938","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]],"date-time":"2025-04-20T02:30:11Z","timestamp":1745116211000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Changes in Autism Traits from Early Childhood to Adolescence in the Study to Explore Early Development"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3407-5417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Dichter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5927-3968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyle F.","family":"Grosser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5096-5519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaitlin K.","family":"Cummings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5264-4340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chyrise","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanya P.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7348-7372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda L","family":"Tapia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7817-8624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca E.","family":"Pretzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1568-9221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cy","family":"Nadler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0422-2340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric J.","family":"Moody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9403-1331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Barger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3642-7746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuri M.","family":"Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9948-3908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Daniele","family":"Fallin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9658-3743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie L.","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.1","unstructured":"Achenbach, T. M. , & Rescorla, L. A . (2000). Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms and profiles (Vol. 30). Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research center for children, youth \u2026."},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040500473714"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5409\/wjcp.v10.i3.15"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1492"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3130-4"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.6","unstructured":"American Psychiatric, A. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5\u00ae)."},{"issue":"11","key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12111499","article-title":"Differential Predictors of Response to Early Start Denver Model vs. Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.10.015"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-116.5.331"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.3034"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361307085214"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-006-0563-2"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-019-09987-2"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-1717"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0214-7"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e318212ec6e"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-021-00434-w"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.18","unstructured":"Constantino, J. N. , & Gruber, C. P . (2012). Social Responsiveness Scale\u2013Second Edition (SRS-2). In. Torrance, CA: Western Psychological Services."},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2634-z"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0958"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0215-x"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci5020092"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1817-1745.174438"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13658"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-015-9117-6"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12037"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-058674"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00192"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2015.11.026"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-1095-7"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0280-1"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2018.12.008"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-024-06628-4"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2023.4003"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/ppp.2003.0043"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.07.008"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235380"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2022.12.001"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2012.02589.x"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361319836380"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613221102748"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-0996-9"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/eci.10.18"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361312436848"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-009-0694-7"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02374-w"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NCC.0000000000000435"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-022-05812-8"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.49","first-page":"157","article-title":"Sleep and gastrointestinal disturbances in autism spectrum disorder in children","volume":"19","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev Period Med"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3213-2"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30289-5"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-019-0103-x"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.805686"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0123-0"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.08.008"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lord, C. , Rutter, M. , DiLavore, P. , & Risi, S . (1999). Autism diagnostic observation schedule. In. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.","DOI":"10.1037\/t17256-000"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02172145"},{"issue":"No. SS-2","key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.58","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years \u2014 Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2020","volume":"72","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2010.11.007"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2960"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.61","first-page":"16","article-title":"Treatment of aggression in children and adolescents with autism and conduct disorder","volume":"64","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.62","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.psychiatrist.com\/jcp\/article\/pages\/2003\/v64s04\/v64s0403.aspx"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scog.2014.06.003"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3255-5"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2084"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04090-1"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-016-2745-1"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.68","unstructured":"Mullen, E. M . (1995). Mullen scales of early learning (AGS ed.). In. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service Inc."},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.52999.2"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.70","first-page":"1043","article-title":"The Children\u2019s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ): psychometric properties of a survey instrument for school-aged children","volume":"23","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13217"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.12.020"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.022"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12421"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children6020015"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2015.04.012"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.0624"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7017a1"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1841-8"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-0492"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2018.1450229"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2010"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.83","unstructured":"Rutter, M. , Bailey, A. , & Lord, C . (2003). SCQ: Social communication questionnaire. In. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services."},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2195"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-012-1461-8"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.691148"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2018.02.012"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e318179964f"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-3521-1"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361316654083"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/jcma.0000000000000675"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613221130845"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.93","unstructured":"Team, R. C. (2013). A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. In. Vienna: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13406"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13406"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13170"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/phmt.S85717"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-016-0212-2"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-05399-6"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2476-8"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2287-3"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.10.040"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.08.005"},{"key":"2025042200451116000_2025.04.16.25325938v1.104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1585"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2025.04.16.25325938","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T20:34:06Z","timestamp":1768509246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/medrxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2025.04.16.25325938"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]]},"references-count":104,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.04.16.25325938","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}