{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T13:31:33Z","timestamp":1768570293954,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"group-title":"Ophthalmology","reference-count":37,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Stereopsis is a critical visual function, however clinical stereotests are time-consuming, coarse in resolution, suffer low test-retest repeatability, and poor agreement with other tests. We developed AIM Stereoacuity to address these limitations and asked whether it could deliver reliable, efficient, and precise stereo-thresholds across stimulus types and disparity signs.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Observers reported the orientation of 5\u00d71.25\u00b0 bar defined by disparity of random dots embedded in a 6\u00b0 diameter circular cell, presented in a 4*4 grid. Bar disparity was scaled from \u00b1 2\u03c3 relative to a threshold and slope-estimate, initially set by the experimenter and adaptively updated. Orientation report errors (indicated vs. actual bar-orientation) were fit with a cumulative Gaussian function to derive stereo-thresholds. Twenty-one normally-sighted observers were tested with red-blue anaglyphs in crossed and uncrossed disparity signs across 4 element-types (8.5arcmin broadband dots, or band-pass difference of Gaussians with peak Spatial-Frequency (SF) of 2, 4, or 6 c\/\u00b0). We analyzed stereoacuities, test durations, and the test-retest repeatability.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Across SFs and observers, test duration for a chart were 36 and 40 secs for measuring crossed and uncrossed disparity, respectively. There was no effect of disparity sign or SF (Kruskal-Wallis; p&gt;0.05). Median log stereo-thresholds averaged across all SFs were 1.90 and 1.84 log arcsec for crossed and uncrossed disparities, respectively. Crossed and uncrossed disparities were moderately correlated across SFs(r=0.44 to 0.79; median=0.54). Test-retest biases were 0.01 arcsec (p=0.45) and 0.10 arcsec (p= 0.001) for crossed and uncrossed disparities, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The results for the response-adaptive, self-administered AIM Stereoacuity method showed no significant stereo-thresholds differences between broad- and narrow-band stimuli. The test delivers repeatable results for crossed disparity in approximately 80 seconds.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.04.23.25325959","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T19:25:15Z","timestamp":1745609115000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Validation of Angular Indication Measurement (AIM) Stereoacuity"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2730-5464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonisha","family":"Neupane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2470-8404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Skerswetat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7561-7695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter J.","family":"Bex","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2025042805200450000_2025.04.23.25325959v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4434"},{"key":"2025042805200450000_2025.04.23.25325959v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.04.065"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025042805200450000_2025.04.23.25325959v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12655","article-title":"Stereopsis: are we assessing it in enough depth?","volume":"101","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025042805200450000_2025.04.23.25325959v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1097\/01.opx.0000181231.20262.a5","article-title":"Randot stereoacuity does not accurately predict ability to perform two practical tests of depth perception at a near distance","volume":"82","year":"2005","journal-title":"Optometry and vision science"},{"key":"2025042805200450000_2025.04.23.25325959v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2011-300729"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025042805200450000_2025.04.23.25325959v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S1091-8531(03)00170-8","article-title":"Validity of the Titmus and Randot circles tasks in children with known binocular vision disorders","volume":"7","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus"},{"key":"2025042805200450000_2025.04.23.25325959v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/16.13.1"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025042805200450000_2025.04.23.25325959v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2014.279","article-title":"Stereo vision and strabismus","volume":"29","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eye (Lond"},{"key":"2025042805200450000_2025.04.23.25325959v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0305036"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025042805200450000_2025.04.23.25325959v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000002160","article-title":"A new, adaptive, self-administered, and generalizable method used to measure visual acuity","volume":"101","year":"2024","journal-title":"Optometry and Vision Science"},{"key":"2025042805200450000_2025.04.23.25325959v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reynaud A , Zhou J , Hess RF . 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