{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T06:03:05Z","timestamp":1782280985244,"version":"3.54.5"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]]},"group-title":"Immunology","reference-count":47,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]],"date-time":"2025-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/about\/FAQ#license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AI155974"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI155974"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  The full GM-CSF expression spectrum in immune cells remains unclear, while CD4\u25a1 T cells are the primary source. Using novel GM-CSF reporter\/fate reporter transgenic mice, we tracked ongoing and past (YFP\n                  <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                  ) GM-CSF expression in various immune cells. GM-CSF was produced by diverse immune cells, including CD4\n                  <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                  , CD8\n                  <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                  , \u03b3\u03b4 T, NK, B, and CD11b\n                  <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                  cells, with expression patterns varying by cell type and organ with liver CD4\n                  <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                  T cells and NK cells showing the highest expression history in both na\u00efve and mice with EAE. GM-CSF expression was transient and permanently lost in most cells over time. In a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, effector memory CD4\u25a1 T cells were the dominant CNS GM-CSF source, with higher expression than in other organs. CD4\n                  <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                  YFP\n                  <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                  T cells, strongly expressing CXCR6, produced multiple cytokines. Transcriptomic analysis showed distinct gene expression profiles in effector memory CD4\n                  <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                  T cells compared to na\u00efve cells. YFP\u25a1 Tregs represent functionally distinct subsets mirroring effector Th cells, expressing cytokines associated with Th lineages, especially during neuroinflammation. These findings identified distinct GM-CSF cellular sources across organs, highlighting a transient tissue microenvironment influence on GM-CSF production linked to CXCR6 expression.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.04.23.650273","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]],"date-time":"2025-04-26T13:30:22Z","timestamp":1745674222000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["GM-CSF production by immune cells in steady state and autoimmune neuroinflammation mapped using fate reporting mice"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Gholamreza","family":"Azizi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javad","family":"Rasouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamed","family":"Naziri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael V.","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cytokine Storm Treatment & Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Garifallou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guang-Xian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogoljub","family":"Ciric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdolmohamad","family":"Rostami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026041205493306000_2025.04.23.650273v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.176.6.1693"},{"key":"2026041205493306000_2025.04.23.650273v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.7.3038"},{"key":"2026041205493306000_2025.04.23.650273v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.145.2.576"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026041205493306000_2025.04.23.650273v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.5530100302","article-title":"Molecular structure of the IL-3, GM-CSF and IL-5 receptors","volume":"10","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Cell Cloning"},{"key":"2026041205493306000_2025.04.23.650273v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-016-1185-9"},{"key":"2026041205493306000_2025.04.23.650273v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20131199"},{"key":"2026041205493306000_2025.04.23.650273v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2023.104740"},{"key":"2026041205493306000_2025.04.23.650273v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasouli J , Casella G , Yoshimura S , Zhang W , Xiao D , Garifallou J , et al. 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