{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T06:05:27Z","timestamp":1782281127139,"version":"3.54.5"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"group-title":"Physiology","reference-count":7,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A commercial electrode used for transcutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) in mice is no longer available. In response, we developed two low- cost, customizable alternatives\u2014a 3D-Printed Electrode and a Pen Electrode assembled from off-the-shelf jumper wire components\u2014and evaluated their performance relative to the discontinued commercial standard.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted in vivo NMES of the left hindlimb ankle dorsiflexors in C57BL\/6J mice using three electrode types: a Simple Electrode (previously available as BS4 50\u20136824, Harvard Apparatus), our novel 3D-Printed Electrode, and our novel Pen Electrode. Contractile torque was recorded during twitch and tetanic contractions, and electrode performance was evaluated based on peak torque values. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare torque generated by each animal for the three different types of electrodes.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Both custom electrodes generated twitch and tetanic responses comparable to those of the Commercial electrode. No statistically significant differences were observed in peak torque values in either twitch (p = 0.181) or tetany (p = 0.438).<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Custom-built 3D-printed and Pen-style electrodes offer low-cost, accessible alternatives to discontinued commercial devices for murine NMES studies. These tools can facilitate continued use of electrical stimulation protocols in preclinical neuromuscular research.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.04.30.651500","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T07:00:58Z","timestamp":1746169258000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Custom-Built Electrodes Perform Comparably to a Discontinued Commercial Electrode for Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation in Mice"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7051-4774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bana H.","family":"Odeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy Program. Department of Health Care Sciences. Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences. Wayne State University. Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1374-0755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda L.","family":"Wellman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy Program. Department of Health Care Sciences. Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences. Wayne State University. Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1389-136X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Ameye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy Program. Department of Health Care Sciences. Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences. Wayne State University. Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3571-8046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachary","family":"Atwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy Program. Department of Health Care Sciences. Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences. Wayne State University. Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2699-7271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luke","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy Program. Department of Health Care Sciences. Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences. Wayne State University. Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9619-4345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aiswarya","family":"Saravanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy Program. Department of Health Care Sciences. Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences. Wayne State University. Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4847-6124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Havish","family":"Poluru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy Program. Department of Health Care Sciences. Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences. Wayne State University. Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6839-2069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morium","family":"Begam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy Program. Department of Health Care Sciences. Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences. Wayne State University. Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1578-4085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takako I.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine. Reno, NV, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5181-0837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renuka","family":"Roche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Therapy Program. School of Health Sciences, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9497-6850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Roche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy Program. Department of Health Care Sciences. Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences. Wayne State University. Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026041206241448000_2025.04.30.651500v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lovering RM , Roche JA , Goodall MH , Clark BB , McMillan A. An in vivo rodent model of contraction-induced injury and non-invasive monitoring of recovery. J Vis Exp 2011; (51).","DOI":"10.3791\/2782"},{"key":"2026041206241448000_2025.04.30.651500v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00469.2010"},{"key":"2026041206241448000_2025.04.30.651500v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13727"},{"key":"2026041206241448000_2025.04.30.651500v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Begam M , Narayan N , Mankowski D , Camaj R , Murphy N , Roseni K , et al. Dosage-Adjusted Resistance Training in Mice with a Reduced Risk of Muscle Damage. J Vis Exp 2022; (186).","DOI":"10.3791\/64000-v"},{"key":"2026041206241448000_2025.04.30.651500v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26906"},{"key":"2026041206241448000_2025.04.30.651500v1.6","unstructured":"National Research C. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2011."},{"key":"2026041206241448000_2025.04.30.651500v1.7","first-page":"134031","article-title":"Distinct effects of contraction-induced injury in vivo on four different murine models of dysferlinopathy","volume":"2012","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biomed Biotechnol"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2025.04.30.651500","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T05:15:11Z","timestamp":1782278111000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2025.04.30.651500"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"references-count":7,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.04.30.651500","relation":{"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1152\/physiol.2026.41.S1.2301583","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}