{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T04:43:19Z","timestamp":1775968999761,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"group-title":"Pharmacology and Toxicology","reference-count":27,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases at the National Institutes of Health","award":["DK132408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK132408"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Population pharmacokinetic (PK) model-based Bayesian estimation is widely used for dose individualization, particularly when sample availability is limited. However, its predictive accuracy can be compromised by factors such as misspecified prior information, intra-patient variability, and uncertainties in PK variations. In this study, we developed a hybrid approach that combines machine learning (ML) with population PK-based Bayesian methods to improve the prediction of infliximab concentrations in children with Crohn\u2019s disease. We calculated prediction errors between Bayesian-estimated and observed infliximab concentrations from 292 measurements across 93 patients. Incorporating clinical patient features, we explored various ML algorithms, including linear regression, random forest, support vector regression, neural networks, and XGBoost to correct the Bayesian-based prediction errors. The predictive performance of these ML models was assessed using root mean square error (RMSE) and mean prediction error (MPE) with 5-fold cross-validation. For Bayesian estimation alone, the RMSE and MPE were 4.8 \u00b5g\/mL and -0.67 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively. Among the ML algorithms, the XGBoost model demonstrated the best performance, achieving an RMSE of 3.78 \u00b1 0.85 \u00b5g\/mL and an MPE of -0.03 \u00b1 0.69 \u00b5g\/mL in 5-fold cross-validation. The ML-corrected Bayesian estimation significantly reduced the absolute prediction error compared to Bayesian estimation alone. This hybrid population PK-ML approach provides a promising framework for improving the predictive performance of Bayesian estimation, with the potential for continuous learning from new clinical data to enhance dose individualization.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                    <jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:p>A new hybrid model combining population pharmacokinetic model-based Bayesian estimation and machine learning significantly improved the accuracy of infliximab concentration predictions in young adult and pediatric patients with Crohn\u2019s disease.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:p>The developed hybrid model can facilitate infliximab individualized dosing by accounting for changes in clinical conditions and patient-specific factors that the conventional Bayesian estimation approach may not address, and can be integrated into precision dosing dashboards, such as RoadMAB, for real-world clinical application.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:p>This study indicates that model predictive accuracy can be enhanced by combining the Bayesian method with machine learning, even with a relatively small amount of clinical data. This is particularly encouraging for specific populations, such as pediatric patients, where obtaining rich clinical data is challenging.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:list-item>\n                  <\/jats:list>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.05.01.651780","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T18:10:11Z","timestamp":1746641411000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hybrid Population PK-Machine Learning Modeling to Predict Infliximab Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric and Young Adult Patients with Crohn\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9878-4672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kei","family":"Irie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Translational and Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phillip","family":"Minar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Reifenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brendan M","family":"Boyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua D","family":"Noe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children\u2019s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey S","family":"Hyams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Connecticut Children\u2019s Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomoyuki","family":"Mizuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Translational and Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026041120523849000_2025.05.01.651780v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.12.003"},{"key":"2026041120523849000_2025.05.01.651780v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Rheenen PF , Aloi M , Assa A , Bronsky J , Escher JC , Fagerberg UL , et al. 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