{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:50:51Z","timestamp":1787010651117,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"group-title":"Nursing","reference-count":46,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Erythema, an early visual indicator of tissue damage preceding pressure injuries (PrIs), presents as redness in light skin tones but is harder to detect in dark skin tones. While thermography shows promise for early PrI detection, validation across different skin tones remains limited. Furthermore, most protocols and models have been developed under highly controlled conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To evaluate how environmental and technical factors (i.e., patient positioning, lighting, distance, camera type) and skin tone impact thermal imaging measurements and temperature change.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This pre-post experimental study enrolled 35 healthy adults (30 with Monk Skin Tone Scale \u22656). Melanin Index was measured on the volar forearm using the SkinColorCatch. After baseline imaging, a 15.5\u00b0C cooling stone was placed on one posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) for 5 minutes. Thermal images were then collected with either the FLIR E8-XT or the FLIR ProOne camera under varied conditions: two lighting types (overhead room versus localized LED ring light), three postures (side-lying, side-lying with forward knee placement, and side-lying with rearward knee placement), and two camera-to-body distances (35cm and 50cm from the PSIS). The cooling\/imaging procedure was repeated using the alternate camera, and data were analyzed using mixed-methods model.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Temperature change was effectively detected across all skin tones, with cooling resulting in a -3.7 \u00b1 1.2\u00b0C difference between the region of interest (ROI) and control region. Camera type significantly affected measurements, with the ProOne recording 1.04\u00b0C less cooling than the E8-XT. Distance had minimal impact (0.11\u00b0C cooler at 50cm vs 35cm at baseline), with no significant difference when comparing ROI to control regions, while lighting and posture had no impact on measurements. Skin tone influenced cooling measurement, with higher melanin levels showing greater temperature changes. A 0.98\u00b0C difference was observed between the lightest and darkest skin tone groups.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our findings confirm thermal imaging\u2019s robustness across varied environments, with the minor distance effects mitigated through perpendicular measurements and relative temperature comparisons. Significant discrepancies between thermal cameras (&gt;1\u00b0C) highlight that these technologies cannot be used interchangeably when establishing thresholds. While effective across all skin tones, the observed differences in cooling response suggest tailored thresholds may be necessary for darker skin tones. Future research should focus on clinical validation across diverse populations to enhance PrI detection accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.05.08.25327244","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T21:45:11Z","timestamp":1746827111000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Impact of Skin Tone, Environmental, and Technical Factors on Thermal Imaging"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9747-5683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon Eve","family":"Sonenblum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5174-8532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glory Tomi","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Asare-Baiden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9917-5369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan","family":"Pelkmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judy Wawira","family":"Gichoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicki Stover","family":"Hertzberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9168-3916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joyce C.","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2025051301000578000_2025.05.08.25327244v1.1","first-page":"20","article-title":"Using temperature of pressure-related intact discolored areas of skin to detect deep tissue injury: an observational, retrospective, correlational study","volume":"58","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ostomy Wound Manage"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025051301000578000_2025.05.08.25327244v1.2","first-page":"14","article-title":"Observational Study to Assess the Use of Thermography to Predict Progression of Discolored Intact Skin to Necrosis Among Patients in Skilled Nursing Facilities","volume":"62","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ostomy Wound Manage"},{"key":"2025051301000578000_2025.05.08.25327244v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennett SL , Goubran R , Knoefel F . Long term monitoring of a pressure ulcer risk patient using thermal images. 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Higher Periwound Temperature Associated with Wound Healing of Pressure Ulcers Detected by Infrared Thermography. J Clin Med [Internet]. 2021 Jun 29 [cited 2024 Feb 22];10(13). 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