{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:41:06Z","timestamp":1785426066817,"version":"3.56.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"group-title":"Bioengineering","reference-count":46,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"award":["P50AR080581"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50AR080581"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["DGE-2236662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-2236662"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  The Achilles tendon is composed of three distinct fascicle bundles, or \u201csubtendons,\u201d each originating from the head of one of the three triceps surae muscles. In a healthy tendon, these subtendons slide relative to each other during muscle contractions. This subtendon sliding is reduced in older adults and younger adults who suffer an Achilles tendon injury. However, subtendon sliding is challenging to quantify in low-load scenarios that are critical for monitoring subtendon biomechanics in patients with mechanically compromised tendons, like following an Achilles tendon rupture and repair surgery. The purpose of this study was to develop a reliable method to characterize subtendon behavior\n                  <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                  using combined transverse plane ultrasound imaging and neuromuscular electrical stimulation of individual gastrocnemii. We used a Kanade-Lucas-Tomasi point tracking algorithm to quantify tendon displacement during isolated muscle stimulations. Next, we applied k-means clustering to characterize heterogeneous subtendon behavior within the tendon cross section. The tendon cross section displayed differential displacement patterns depending on the stimulated muscle (p&lt;0.0001), and these displacements differed along the free tendon during lateral gastrocnemius stimulations (p=0.004). These results reflect possible differences in load-sharing between adjacent subtendons and differing muscle-tendon dynamics among the triceps surae muscles. Finally, this method confirmed bilaterally symmetric subtendon behavior and demonstrated high inter-session reliability (ICC&gt;0.83). Overall, this study furthers our understanding of differential muscle-tendon dynamics of individual Achilles subtendons both within the tendon cross section and along the free tendon. Future work will apply this method to injured populations to develop biomarkers of altered subtendon function.\n                <\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>NEW &amp; NOTEWORTHY<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Achilles subtendon function and morphology are challenging to characterize\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This study employed transverse plane ultrasound imaging and neuromuscular electrical stimulation to characterize behavior of individual subtendons both within the tendon cross section and along the free tendon. It is the first study to demonstrate functional behavior within the Achilles tendon using these combined tools in identifying subtendon dynamics. Additional findings of bilateral symmetry in healthy individuals present this tool\u2019s potential to quantify altered subtendon function post-injury.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.05.29.656873","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T00:30:16Z","timestamp":1748824216000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In vivo characterization of Achilles subtendon function and morphology within the tendon cross section and along the free tendon"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Kathryn S.","family":"Strand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3625-1082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Todd J.","family":"Hullfish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0269-2170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josh R.","family":"Baxter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026041200273873000_2025.05.29.656873v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.07.032"},{"key":"2026041200273873000_2025.05.29.656873v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.242135"},{"key":"2026041200273873000_2025.05.29.656873v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12342"},{"key":"2026041200273873000_2025.05.29.656873v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12835"},{"key":"2026041200273873000_2025.05.29.656873v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73345-0"},{"key":"2026041200273873000_2025.05.29.656873v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12514"},{"key":"2026041200273873000_2025.05.29.656873v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2023.111586"},{"key":"2026041200273873000_2025.05.29.656873v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14679"},{"key":"2026041200273873000_2025.05.29.656873v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-020-04317-5"},{"key":"2026041200273873000_2025.05.29.656873v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tsm2.19"},{"key":"2026041200273873000_2025.05.29.656873v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2114\/jpa.20.141"},{"key":"2026041200273873000_2025.05.29.656873v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.25654"},{"key":"2026041200273873000_2025.05.29.656873v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2023.105901"},{"key":"2026041200273873000_2025.05.29.656873v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finni T , Khair R , Franz JR , Sukanen M , Cronin N , Cone S. 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