{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:36:53Z","timestamp":1785418613861,"version":"3.56.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]]},"group-title":"Molecular Biology","reference-count":70,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"award":["NS113233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS113233"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["S10 OD010662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S10 OD010662"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00821cz13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ForeBatten Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  CLN3 Batten disease is a lethal pediatric autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in the\n                  <jats:italic>CLN3<\/jats:italic>\n                  gene. Typically, the disease manifests as vision loss early in life and progresses to neurological dysfunction and death in young adulthood. Therapeutic development has focused on treating the central nervous system. However, such therapies may not protect against vision loss, which has a significant impact on quality of life. We have shown that a splice-switching antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) delivered to the central nervous system can reduce neurological disease burden in mouse models of CLN3 disease. Here, we report on a similar ASO approach for treating CLN3 Batten disease retinal dysfunction in a pig model of the disease, which is more representative of human vision. A single intravitreal injection of ASO induces robust exon skipping in the retina for up to 12 months. The ASO treatment resulted in higher amplitudes on electroretinograms, suggesting mitigation of retinal dysfunction at early timepoints of disease. One ASO that efficiently induces exon skipping\n                  <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                  was well-tolerated and targets a region of\n                  <jats:italic>CLN3<\/jats:italic>\n                  that is conserved in humans, making it a promising candidate for treating the disease in humans. Our findings demonstrate the potential utility of an ASO-based approach to treat retinal dysfunction in CLN3 Batten disease and generally supports the use of ASOs for treating eye diseases.\n                <\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>One Sentence Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Splice-switching antisense oligonucleotides delivered by intravitreal injection are safe and show efficacy in preventing early retinal dysfunction in a pig model of CLN3 Batten disease.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.05.30.656864","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:25:13Z","timestamp":1748737513000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Therapeutic antisense oligonucleotide mitigates retinal dysfunction in a pig model of CLN3 Batten 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