{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:34:47Z","timestamp":1792794887289,"version":"4.5.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":39,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021nxhr62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01e3cnp62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs through the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Research Program","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03b7pda13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"DP2 from the NIH Office of the Director and managed by NIDCD"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014185","name":"Searle Scholars Program","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014185","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01d35cw23","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The ability to vary the mode and loudness of speech is an important part of the expressive range of human vocal communication. However, the encoding of these behaviors in the ventral precentral gyrus (vPCG) has not been studied at the resolution of neuronal firing rates. We investigated this in two participants who had intracortical microelectrode arrays implanted in their vPCG as part of a speech neuroprosthesis clinical trial. Neuronal firing rates modulated strongly in vPCG as a function of attempted mimed, whispered, normal or loud speech. At the neural ensemble level, mode\/loudness and phonemic content were encoded in distinct neural subspaces. Attempted mode\/loudness could be decoded from vPCG with an accuracy of 94% and 89% for two participants respectively, and corresponding neural preparatory activity could be detected hundreds of milliseconds before speech onset. We then developed a closed-loop loudness decoder that achieved 94% online accuracy in modulating a brain-to-text speech neuroprosthesis output based on attempted loudness. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of decoding mode and loudness from vPCG, paving the way for speech neuroprostheses capable of synthesizing more expressive speech.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.05.30.657105","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T04:40:11Z","timestamp":1748752811000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Encoding of speech modes and loudness in ventral precentral gyrus"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Aparna","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA"},{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maitreyee","family":"Wairagkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carrina","family":"Iacobacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianda","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA"},{"name":"Computer Science Graduate Group, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas S.","family":"Card","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon G.","family":"Jacques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna L.","family":"Pritchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Payton H.","family":"Bechefsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leigh R.","family":"Hochberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research & Development Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA"},{"name":"Robert J. & Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science and School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"AuYong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chethan","family":"Pandarinath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Brandman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergey D.","family":"Stavisky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.1","unstructured":"Titze, I. R. Principles of Voice Production. (Prentice Hall, 1994)."},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000536001"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10919-021-00374-2"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030278"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2017.01.011"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.6","unstructured":"BC-ANCDS, J. R. D. , PhD. Motor Speech Disorders: Substrates, Differential Diagnosis, and Management. (Elsevier Health Sciences, 2012)."},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-110122-012818"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2424-16.2016"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2008.12.006"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.01.049"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3914-15.2016"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61435-y"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4897-09.2009"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa182"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11911"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.04.031"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42175-9"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.05.016"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2314132"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.08.14.607690"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06377-x"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NER52421.2023.10123880"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/abbfef"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-024-00819-9"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-025-01905-6"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2027540"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06443-4"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.28","first-page":"15","article-title":"The Laryngeal Motor Cortex: Its Organization and Connectivity","volume":"0","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01566-0"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01267"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-49125-x"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18933"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.33","first-page":"517","article-title":"SWITCHBOARD: telephone speech corpus for research and development","volume":"1","year":"1992","journal-title":"in [Proceedings] ICASSP-92: 1992 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aa9ee8"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad3b3a"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2412.17851"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.10989"},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.38","unstructured":"Graves, A. & Jaitly, N. Towards End-To-End Speech Recognition with Recurrent Neural Networks. in Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Machine Learning 1764\u20131772 (PMLR, 2014)."},{"key":"2026041200315080000_2025.05.30.657105v1.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.0201.16"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2025.05.30.657105","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T05:11:36Z","timestamp":1782277896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2025.05.30.657105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"references-count":39,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.05.30.657105","relation":{"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1038\/s41467-026-71284-4","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}