{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T13:42:04Z","timestamp":1768570924999,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"group-title":"Neurology","reference-count":62,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is characterised by inter-individual heterogeneity in brain degeneration, limiting diagnostic and prognostic precision. We present a novel framework integrating Morphometric Inverse Divergence (MIND) networks with hierarchical Bayesian large-scale population modelling to identify individual-level neuroanatomical deviations.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>MIND networks quantify similarity between brain regions using multivariate MRI features. A normative model of regional MIND values trained on UK Biobank (N=35,133) was applied to the National Alzheimer\u2019s Coordinating Center cohort (N=3,567). We examined brain deviations across clinical stages, APOE genotypes, mortality risk, and neuropathological burden.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Negative deviations (reduced MIND) stratified disease stages (p&lt;0.01) and showed functional network enrichment in AD. Greater negative deviations characterised APOE \u03b54 homozygotes and correlated with postmortem neuropathological severity (p=0.032). Neurobiological decoding revealed associations with neurotransmitter receptor distributions and cortical organisation properties.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This population neuroimaging modelling enables individualised brain mapping with direct utility for diagnosis, prognosis, and understanding of biological mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.06.10.25328978","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:40:16Z","timestamp":1749688816000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Structural Similarity Networks Reveal Brain Vulnerability in Dementia"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5467-0104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcella","family":"Montagnese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Ebneabbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Garc\u00eda-San-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Pecci-Terroba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Romero-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James H.","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jakob","family":"Seidlitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Rittman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0714-0685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard A.I.","family":"Bethlehem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00234-1"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/alzrt155"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab165"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-024-00882-2"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.11.039"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2005346"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01376-7"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04554-y"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-022-00696-5"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.12.023"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbae107"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.11.27.23299051"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2024.07.024"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.2467"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0441-1"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01404-6"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-025-00612-2"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14174"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.12559"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207298"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95098-0"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e318142774e"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0579-z"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.10.034"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.11.25.24317878"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18933"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118715"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/imag_a_00132"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.03.07.22271986"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-022-00696-5"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278776"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00338.2011"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-022-01625-w"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-024-02848-5"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14174"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01186-3"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000678"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2219137121"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.6.1013"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.25328978v1.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000284"},{"key":"2025061223250940000_2025.06.10.253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