{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T10:53:38Z","timestamp":1775991218298,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":76,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/about\/FAQ#license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 AI147609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI147609"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 AI021150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI021150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  The continued emergence of\n                  <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                  (Ng) isolates resistant to first-line antibiotics has focused efforts on understanding how alternative therapies such as expanded use of gentamicin (Gen) might counteract this global public health problem. Focusing on Gen as a viable alternative antibiotic for treatment of gonorrheal infections, we used RNA-Seq to determine if sub-lethal levels of Gen might impact gonococci on a transcriptional level. We found that sub-lethal Gen levels altered expression of 23 genes in Ng strain FA19. Many of the differentially regulated genes were associated with known stress responses elaborated by Ng under different harmful conditions. We found that the transcripts of the\n                  <jats:italic>hicAB<\/jats:italic>\n                  operon, which encodes a putative HicA-HicB toxin-antitoxin system that is encoded by tandem genes with the prophage Ngo \u03c63, were increased in response to Gen. While loss of\n                  <jats:italic>hicAB<\/jats:italic>\n                  did not impact gonococcal susceptibility to a variety of antimicrobial agents or harmful environmental conditions it did reduce biofilm formation in Ng strains F62, FA1090, WHO X and CDC200 but not that of strain FA19. Further, in strain F62, but not FA19, loss of\n                  <jats:italic>hicAB<\/jats:italic>\n                  reduced the\n                  <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                  fitness of Ng during experimental lower genital tract infection of female mice. Further, we found that expression of\n                  <jats:italic>hicAB<\/jats:italic>\n                  can influence levels of the\n                  <jats:italic>norB<\/jats:italic>\n                  transcript, which encodes the nitrate reductase shown previously to be upregulated in gonococcal biofilms. We propose that sub-lethal Gen has the capacity to influence gonococcal pathogenesis through the action of the HicAB toxin-antitoxin system.\n                <\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    During antibiotic treatment bacteria can be exposed to sub-lethal levels that could serve as a stress signal resulting in changes in gene expression. The continued emergence of multi-drug resistant strains of Ng has rekindled interest in expanded use of gentamicin (Gen) for treatment of gonorrheal infections. We report that sub-lethal levels of Gen can influence levels of Ng transcripts including that of the gonococcal\n                    <jats:italic>hicAB<\/jats:italic>\n                    -encoded toxin-antitoxin (TA) locus, which is embedded within an integrated prophage, While loss of this TA locus did not impact Ng susceptibility to Gen it reduced the biofilm forming ability of 4\/5 Ng strains. Further, in an examined strain in this group we found that Ng fitness during experimental infection was negatively impacted. We propose that that levels of the\n                    <jats:italic>hicA-hicB<\/jats:italic>\n                    transcripts can be increased by sub-lethal levels of an antibiotic used in treatment of gonorrhea and that this could influence pathogenicity.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.06.11.659166","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T01:00:23Z","timestamp":1749690023000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gentamicin induction of the gonococcal\n                  <i>hicAB<\/i>\n                  toxin-antitoxin encoding system and impact on gene expression influencing biofilm formation and in vivo fitness in a strain-specific manner"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Concerta L.","family":"Holley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vijaya","family":"Dhulipala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriana Le","family":"Van","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline T","family":"Balthazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent J.","family":"Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann E.","family":"Jerse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William M.","family":"Shafer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"The Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Laboratories of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026041203051085000_2025.06.11.659166v1.1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2019. 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