{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T13:30:57Z","timestamp":1768570257130,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]]},"group-title":"Infectious Diseases (except HIV\/AIDS)","reference-count":33,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]],"date-time":"2025-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The experience of the COVID-19 pandemic has differed across continents. We hypothesized that regional differences in SARS-CoV-2 immunity might explain this observation. We therefore established the WWW Consortium in Ghana, W Africa; Jamaica, W Indies; and W London. Here, we describe the extent to which antibody immunity differs between these geographic locations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The WWW Consortium harmonises across the HERITAGE (Accra, Ghana), WINDFall (Kingston, Jamaica) and Legacy (London, UK) studies, establishing sharing frameworks for samples, metadata, and data; related permissions and oversight; and associated physical and cloud infrastructure. With centralised testing, we performed serological assessments across all three locations at two snapshots in 2024 (April 1\n                      <jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2013 August 18\n                      <jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\n                      ; August 19\n                      <jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2013 December 31\n                      <jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) using high-throughput live virus neutralization and anti-nucleocapsid IgG, including n=763 individuals.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We found that across all sites most participants had detectable neutralising antibody titres against JN.1 and XEC \u2013 the predominant variants in 2024. There were site-related differences in immunity: vaccine-included SARS-CoV-2 strains were better neutralised by participants from the Legacy study \u2013 Ancestral, BA.5, XBB.1.5 initially, and JN.1 after a homologous booster in autumn 2024. For HERITAGE, neutralisation of both alpha- (HCoV-229E) and beta-coronaviruses (HCoV-OC43) was higher than WINDFall suggesting a cross-coronavirus serological response in West Africa. Finally, antigenic cartography identified two distinct antibody landscapes, with JN.1 and XEC antigenically distant in Legacy, but not in HERITAGE and WINDFall.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There is international heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 antibody immunity. Global recommendations for vaccine strain selection should incorporate data from diverse populations to ensure accurate, equitable recommendations.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Funding<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Wellcome Trust.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.06.13.25329588","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]],"date-time":"2025-06-14T14:10:14Z","timestamp":1749910214000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 antibody immunity across three continents: the West Africa, West Indies, West London Consortium"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Greenwood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Hague","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eliza Mari","family":"Kwesi-Maliepaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanice A","family":"Redman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Crick Serology Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the HERITAGE study team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Legacy Investigators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"WINDFall Study Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"WWW Consortium Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flora","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua J","family":"Anzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Awandare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3052-0368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David LV","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaw","family":"Bediako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward J","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine VF","family":"Carrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Kucharski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Quashie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma C","family":"Wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary Y","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2025061702400819000_2025.06.13.25329588v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01508-y"},{"key":"2025061702400819000_2025.06.13.25329588v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.12.021","article-title":"Associations between geographic region and immune response variations to pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in clinical trials: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"92","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025061702400819000_2025.06.13.25329588v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/Jvaccine.2016.08.060"},{"key":"2025061702400819000_2025.06.13.25329588v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02944-5"},{"key":"2025061702400819000_2025.06.13.25329588v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20740"},{"key":"2025061702400819000_2025.06.13.25329588v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30243-7"},{"key":"2025061702400819000_2025.06.13.25329588v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15922.2","article-title":"Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic groups in England are at increased risk of death from COVID-19: indirect standardisation of NHS mortality data","volume":"5","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"2025061702400819000_2025.06.13.25329588v1.8","unstructured":"Updating ethnic and religious contrasts in deaths involving the coronavirus (COVID-19), England - Office for National Statistics [Internet]. 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