{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T13:17:49Z","timestamp":1768569469035,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"group-title":"Epidemiology","reference-count":84,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Red and\/or processed meat are established colorectal cancer (CRC) risk factors. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have reported over 200 variants associated with CRC risk. We used functional annotation data to identify subsets of variants within known pathways to construct pathway-based Polygenic Risk Scores (pPRS) to assess interactions with meat intake.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A pooled sample of 30,812 cases and 40,504 CRC controls from 27 studies were analyzed. Quantiles for red and processed meat intake were constructed. 204 GWAS variants were annotated to genes with AnnoQ and assessed for overrepresentation in PANTHER-reported pathways. pPRS\u2019s were constructed from significantly overrepresented pathways. Covariate-adjusted logistic regression models evaluated interactions between pPRS and red or processed meat intake in relation to CRC risk.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    A total of 30 variants were overrepresented in four pathways: Presenilin-Alzheimer disease, Cadherin\/WNT-signaling, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor, and TGF-\u03b2 signaling. We found a significant interaction between TGF-\u03b2-pPRS and red meat intake (OR\n                    <jats:sub>int<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.92-0.98; p = 0.003). When variants in the TGF-\u03b2 pathway were assessed, we observed significant interactions of red meat with rs2337113 (intron\n                    <jats:italic>SMAD7<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene, Chr18), and rs2208603 (intergenic region\n                    <jats:italic>BMP5<\/jats:italic>\n                    , Chr6) (p = 0.0005 &amp; 0.036, respectively). There was no evidence of pPRS x red meat interactions for other pathways or with processed meat\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This pathway-based interaction analysis revealed a statistically significant interaction between variants in the TGF-\u03b2 pathway and red meat consumption that impacts CRC risk.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Impact:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>These findings shed light into the possible mechanistic link between red meat consumption and CRC risk.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Impact statement<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this work, we developed pathway-based Polygenic Risk Scores which, for the first time, suggested that red meat intake interacts with variants overrepresented in TGF-\u03b2 signaling pathway to impact colorectal cancer risk.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.06.13.25329599","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T14:15:17Z","timestamp":1750083317000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["TGF-\u03b2-pathway-based polygenic risk score modifies the association between red meat intake and colorectal cancer risk: Application of a novel pathway-based PRS method"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5552-1020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel","family":"Sanchez 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