{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T05:59:46Z","timestamp":1782280786983,"version":"3.54.5"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"group-title":"Evolutionary Biology","reference-count":153,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R01HG010774"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HG010774"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R35GM138286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35GM138286"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R35GM148244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35GM148244"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  The\n                  <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                  mosquito is a vector for human arboviruses and zoonotic diseases and therefore poses a serious threat to public health. Understanding how\n                  <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                  adapts to environmental pressures\u2014such as insecticides\u2014is critical for developing effective mitigation strategies. However, most traditional methods for detecting recent positive selection search for signatures of classic \u201chard\u201d selective sweeps, and to date no studies have examined soft sweeps in\n                  <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti.<\/jats:italic>\n                  This is a significant limitation as this is vital information for understanding the pace of adaptation\u2014populations that can immediately respond to new selective pressures are expected to adapt more often via standing variation or recurrent adaptive mutations (both of which may produce soft sweeps) than via\n                  <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                  mutations (which produces hard sweeps). To this end, we used a machine learning method capable of detecting hard and soft sweeps to investigate positive selection in\n                  <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                  population samples from Africa and the Americas. Our results reveal that soft sweeps are significantly more common than hard sweeps, which may imply that this species can respond quickly to environmental stressors. This is a particularly concerning finding for vector control methods that aim to eradicate\n                  <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                  using insecticides. We highlight genes under selection that include both well-characterized and putatively novel insecticide resistance genes. These findings underscore the importance of using methods capable of detecting and distinguishing hard and soft sweeps, implicate soft sweeps as a major selective mode in\n                  <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti,<\/jats:italic>\n                  and highlight genes that may aid in the control of\n                  <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                  populations.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.07.06.663360","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T15:45:10Z","timestamp":1752162310000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Soft selective sweeps predominate in the yellow fever mosquito\n                  <i>Aedes aegypti<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0818-2908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Remi N.","family":"Ketchum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27514-2916, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel R.","family":"Matute","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27514-2916, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5249-4151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel R.","family":"Schrider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27514-2916, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026022403500425000_2025.07.06.663360v2.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaa038"},{"key":"2026022403500425000_2025.07.06.663360v2.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-018-0085-8","article-title":"RAiSD detects positive selection based on multiple signatures of a selective sweep and SNP vectors","volume":"1","year":"2018","journal-title":"Communications Biology"},{"key":"2026022403500425000_2025.07.06.663360v2.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msad157"},{"key":"2026022403500425000_2025.07.06.663360v2.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01800-0","article-title":"A soft selective sweep during rapid evolution of gentle behaviour in an Africanized honeybee","volume":"8","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2026022403500425000_2025.07.06.663360v2.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1608295113"},{"key":"2026022403500425000_2025.07.06.663360v2.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1159978"},{"key":"2026022403500425000_2025.07.06.663360v2.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13762"},{"key":"2026022403500425000_2025.07.06.663360v2.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004412","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004412","article-title":"A population genetic signal of polygenic adaptation","volume":"10","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Genetics"},{"key":"2026022403500425000_2025.07.06.663360v2.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13060912","article-title":"The janus-faced role of lipid droplets in aging: insights from the cellular perspective","volume":"13","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"2026022403500425000_2025.07.06.663360v2.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12281"},{"key":"2026022403500425000_2025.07.06.663360v2.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caldas IV , Clark AG , Messer PW . 2022. 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