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We propose a deep learning framework to evaluate these issues by estimating best-case outcomes with task-optimized decoders operating on simulated prosthetic input. We applied the framework to cochlear implants \u2013 the standard treatment for deafness \u2013 by training artificial neural networks to recognize and localize sounds using simulated auditory nerve input. The resulting models exhibited speech recognition and sound localization that was worse than that of normal hearing listeners, and on par with the best human cochlear implant users, with similar results across the three main stimulation strategies in current use. Speech recognition depended heavily on the extent of decoder optimization for implant input, with lesser influence from other factors. The results identify performance limits of current devices and demonstrate a model-guided approach for understanding the limitations and potential of sensory prostheses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.07.16.665227","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T12:50:15Z","timestamp":1753102215000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A deep learning framework for understanding cochlear implants"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Annesya","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2698-7275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark R.","family":"Saddler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie G.","family":"Arenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3965-2503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josh H.","family":"McDermott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2025102112051054000_2025.07.16.665227v2.1","unstructured":"Ackland, P. , Resnikoff, S. & Bourne, R . 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