{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T02:45:49Z","timestamp":1791859549257,"version":"4.3.4"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":58,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01MH118695"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH118695"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01EB036247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB036247"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["P20-GM144641"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20-GM144641"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["2112455"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2112455"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["2316421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2316421"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sex differences in brain development are well-documented, yet the dynamic coupling between structure and function remains underexplored. We introduce dynamic inter-modality source coupling (dIMSC), extending our previous work to link structural MRI source-based morphometry (SBM) with dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC).<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We used data from 500 participants in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study (ages 9-11) and combined SBM-derived gray matter sources with sliding-window dFNC. dIMSC was computed as the time-resolved cross-correlation between these modalities to quantify structure-function coupling strength. We evaluated sex differences in these coupling profiles and used a cognitive moderation analysis to validate the sensitivity of the identified coupling states.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Significant sex-specific patterns emerged: males exhibited stronger positive coupling in sensorimotor regions (postcentral gyrus), while females showed stronger coupling in higher-order associative regions (inferior parietal lobule). These configurations were functionally distinct: higher positive coupling predicted better crystallized cognition (vocabulary) in females, whereas it predicted better fluid cognition (working memory) in males.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>These findings validate the functional sensitivity of dIMSC, demonstrating that the time-resolved coupling states it identifies are neurobiologically meaningful and differentially predictive of cognitive performance as a function of biological sex, consistent with known sex differences in neurodevelopmental during late childhood.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Author Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The brain is not static, its activity constantly shifts, and how closely that activity follows the brain\u2019s physical structure changes moment to moment. Most studies examine structure-function relationships as fixed averages, potentially missing important temporal dynamics. Here, we applied a novel dynamic approach to characterize how brain structure and function couple and decouple over time in 500 children from the ABCD Study, and whether this varies by sex. We found that males and females differ meaningfully in how much time specific brain networks spend in different coupling states. Crucially, these differences carry cognitive consequences: in females, stronger structural anchoring of higher-order associative regions predicted better crystallized cognition, while in males it predicted better fluid reasoning.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.07.23.666366","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T04:35:17Z","timestamp":1753850117000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dynamic Inter-Modality Source Coupling Reveals Sex Differences in Children based on Brain Structural-Functional Network Connectivity: A Multimodal MRI Study of the ABCD Dataset"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9626-7456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Kotoski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science, Atlanta, GA, USA"},{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8583-7987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S-L.","family":"Wiafe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science, Atlanta, GA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2486-747X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. M.","family":"Stephen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9340-5864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Y-P.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5053-8306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T. W.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9058-0747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V. 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