{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T13:47:01Z","timestamp":1768571221053,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]]},"group-title":"Ophthalmology","reference-count":19,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]],"date-time":"2025-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To provide a conceptual understanding of the continuous and discrete wavelet transforms (CWT, DWT) for clinical electroretinography (ERG) analysis, and how these methods uncover time-frequency features that complement traditional time-domain analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A technical overview without the use of mathematical formula describing the basics of CWT and DWT and implementation considerations. We also review an example of four standard ISCEV ERG recordings from a healthy male (between 30-34 years of age) and a male (between 15-19 years of age) with complete congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB).<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Wavelet analysis uncovered time-frequency signatures absent in raw traces. In light-adapted flicker, the normal ERG showed a \u223c30 Hz response with harmonics up to 90 Hz, whereas CSNB was largely attenuated. For LA 3 and dark-adapted flashes, normal CWTs concentrated energy &lt; 100 Hz between 0.04-0.08 s, while CSNB demonstrated lowered or almost absent energy profiles in comparison. DWT indices exhibited a similar pattern, with normal recordings demonstrating high energy responses early in the 7, 15, and 29 Hz frequency bands, while CSNB registered markedly lower values.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>CWT and DWT provide complementary and objective insight into ERG responses. Open-source MATLAB toolkit and step-by-step tutorial provided herein lower technical barriers and enable use by the broader community.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.07.25.25331915","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T01:35:12Z","timestamp":1753666512000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Practical Introduction to Wavelet Analysis in 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