{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:53:53Z","timestamp":1768524833563,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"group-title":"Immunology","reference-count":92,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center Drug Development Institute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                  (\n                  <jats:italic>Ct<\/jats:italic>\n                  ) is a clinically important pathogen that causes ocular and genital infections. While genital\n                  <jats:italic>Ct<\/jats:italic>\n                  infection in women is typically persistent and asymptomatic, the host responses that dampen inflammation while gradually eradicating this bacterium are only partially defined. Herein, we show that\n                  <jats:italic>Ct<\/jats:italic>\n                  promotes human B cell activation via TLR2-mediated signaling of MyD88-dependent pathways and non-antigen-specific B cell receptor signaling that engages the CD19 and CD79a\/b complex. We also found that\n                  <jats:italic>ex vivo Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>\n                  -induced activation of B cells from the peripheral blood of humans or rhesus macaques (RM), or from murine splenocytes, generates cells with a phenotype characteristic of an activated antigen presenting cell (APC). Consistent with this phenotype, intravenous injection of\n                  <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>\n                  -activated B cells (CAB) loaded with various cognate antigens (Ag) elicited robust Ag-specific T cell immunity in several experimental models. Specifically, RM injected with CAB loaded with a model Ag developed Ag-specific CD8\n                  <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                  T cell immunity and mice injected with Ag-loaded CAB formed CD8\n                  <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                  T cell immune responses that protected against virus challenge and tumor development. As\n                  <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>\n                  nonspecifically activated B cells to form large numbers of uniformly activated APC readily loaded with cognate Ag, our studies suggest that CAB may offer foundation for a cellular vaccine platform that elicits robust Ag-specific CD8\n                  <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                  T cell immunity against a variety of tumors and microbial pathogens.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.07.25.666778","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T19:40:17Z","timestamp":1753990817000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Chlamydia<\/i>\n                  -induced\n                  <i>ex vivo<\/i>\n                  activation of B cells from mice, nonhuman primates, and humans produces large numbers of uniformly activated antigen presenting 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