{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T19:38:55Z","timestamp":1778009935656,"version":"3.51.4"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":68,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/about\/FAQ#license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Office of Research and Development, Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of Veterans Affairs","award":["N2864C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N2864C"]}]},{"name":"Office of Research and Development, Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of Veterans Affairs","award":["A4820R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A4820R"]}]},{"name":"Office of Research and Development, Rehabilitation R&D Service, Department of Veterans Affairs","award":["A2295R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A2295R"]}]},{"name":"NIH NIDCD","award":["U01DC017844"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DC017844"]}]},{"name":"NIH NIDCD","award":["K23DC021297"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23DC021297"]}]},{"name":"NIH NIDCD","award":["1DP2DC021055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1DP2DC021055"]}]},{"name":"NIH NINDS","award":["R25NS065743"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25NS065743"]}]},{"name":"AHA","award":["23SCEFIA1156586"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23SCEFIA1156586"]}]},{"name":"A.P. Giannini Postdoctoral Fellowship"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000861","name":"Burroughs Wellcome Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Intracortical brain-computer interfaces (iBCIs) for decoding intended speech have provided individuals with ALS and severe dysarthria an intuitive method for high-throughput communication. These advances have been demonstrated in individuals who are still able to vocalize and move speech articulators. Here, we decoded intended speech from an individual with longstanding anarthria, locked-in syndrome, and ventilator dependence due to advanced symptoms of ALS. We found that phonemes, words, and higher-order language units could be decoded well above chance. While sentence decoding accuracy was below that of demonstrations in participants with dysarthria, we are able to attain an extensive characterization of the neural signals underlying speech in a person with locked-in syndrome and through our results identify several directions for future improvement. These include closed-loop speech imagery training and decoding linguistic (rather than phonemic) units from neural signals in middle precentral gyrus. Overall, these results demonstrate that speech decoding from motor cortex may be feasible in people with anarthria and ventilator dependence. For individuals with longstanding anarthria, a purely phoneme-based decoding approach may lack the accuracy necessary to support independent use as a primary means of communication; however, additional linguistic information embedded within neural signals may provide a route to augment the performance of speech decoders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.08.12.668516","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T21:55:15Z","timestamp":1755122115000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Decoding intended speech with an intracortical brain-computer interface in a person with longstanding anarthria and locked-in syndrome"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0175-1856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin J.","family":"Jude","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4972-2632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Haro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7606-6530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hadar","family":"Levi-Aharoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4057-4466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0352-8029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander J.","family":"Acosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6858-268X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas S.","family":"Card","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9546-2843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maitreyee","family":"Wairagkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3224-7019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David M.","family":"Brandman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5238-0573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey D.","family":"Stavisky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0017-0048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziv M.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4557-6391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sydney S.","family":"Cash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6855-1963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John D.","family":"Simeral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0261-2273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leigh R.","family":"Hochberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6982-9587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel B.","family":"Rubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hogden, A. , Greenfield, D. , Nugus, P. , Kiernan, M. C . Development of a model to guide decision making in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis multidisciplinary care. Health Expectations 2015, 18.","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.12169"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smidt, A. , Pebdani, R. N . Rethinking device abandonment: a capability approach focused model. AAC: Augmentative and Alternative Communication 2023, 39.","DOI":"10.1080\/07434618.2023.2199859"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waller, A . Telling tales: unlocking the potential of AAC technologies. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders 2019, 54.","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12449"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hahn, N. V. , Stein, E. , Consortium, B. , Donoghue, J. P. , Simeral, J. D. , Hochberg, L. R. , Willett, F. R . Long-term performance of intracortical microelectrode arrays in 14 BrainGate clinical trial participants. medRxiv 2025, 2025.07.02.25330310.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.07.02.25330310"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deo, D. R. et al. A mosaic of whole-body representations in human motor cortex. bioRxiv 2024,","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.09.14.613041"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandarinath, C. , Nuyujukian, P. , Blabe, C. H. , Sorice, B. L. , Saab, J. , Willett, F. R. , Hochberg, L. R. , Shenoy, K. V. , Henderson, J. M . High performance communication by people with paralysis using an intracortical brain-computer interface. eLife 2017, 6.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.18554"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bacher, D. , Jarosiewicz, B. , Masse, N. Y. , Stavisky, S. D. , Simeral, J. D. , Newell, K. , Oakley, E. M. , Cash, S. S. , Friehs, G. , Hochberg, L. R . Neural point-and-click communication by a person with incomplete locked-in syndrome. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2015, 29.","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968314554624"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jarosiewicz, B. et al. Virtual typing by people with tetraplegia using a self-calibrating intracortical brain-computer interface. Science Translational Medicine 2015, 7.","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aac7328"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ottenhoff, M. C. , Verwoert, M. , Goulis, S. , Tousseyn, S. , van Dijk, J. P. , Shanechi, M. M. , Sani, O. G. , Kubben, P. , Herff, C. Decoding continuous goal-directed movement from human brain-wide intracranial recordings. bioRxiv 2025,","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.02.05.636287"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deo, D. R. , Willett, F. R. , Avansino, D. T. , Hochberg, L. R. , Henderson, J. M. , Shenoy, K. V . Brain control of bimanual movement enabled by recurrent neural networks. Scientific Reports 2024, 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-51617-3"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.11","unstructured":"Brandman, D. M. et al. Rapid calibration of an intracortical brain-computer interface for people with tetraplegia. Journal of Neural Engineering 2018, 15."},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singer-Clark, T. , Hou, X. , Card, N. S. , Wairagkar, M. , Iacobacci, C. , Peracha, H. , Hochberg, L. R. , Stavisky, S. D. , Brandman, D. M. Speech motor cortex enables BCI cursor control and click. bioRxiv 2024,","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.11.12.623096"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, E. F. , Anumanchipalli, G. K. Toward a Speech Neuroprosthesis. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association 2020, 323.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.19813"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Metzger, S. L. , Littlejohn, K. T. , Silva, A. B. , Moses, D. A. , Seaton, M. P. , Wang, R. , Dougherty, M. E. , Liu, J. R. , Wu, P. , Berger, M. A. , Zhuravleva, I. , Tu-Chan, A. , Ganguly, K. , Anumanchipalli, G. K. , Chang, E. F . A high-performance neuroprosthesis for speech decoding and avatar control. Nature 2023, 620.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06443-4"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willett, F. R. , Kunz, E. M. , Fan, C. , Avansino, D. T. , Wilson, G. H. , Choi, E. Y. , Kamdar, F. , Glasser, M. F. , Hochberg, L. R. , Druckmann, S. , Shenoy, K. V. , Henderson, J. M . A high-performance speech neuropros-thesis. Nature 2023, 620.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.01.21.524489"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2314132"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wairagkar, M. , Card, N. S. , Singer-Clark, T. , Hou, X. , Iacobacci, C. , Miller, L. M. , Hochberg, L. R. , Brand-man, D. M. , Stavisky, S. D . An instantaneous voice-synthesis neuroprosthesis. Nature 2025,","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.08.14.607690"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Card, N. S. , Singer-Clark, T. , Peracha, H. , Iacobacci, C. , Hou, X. , Wairagkar, M. , Fogg, Z. , Offenberg, E. , Hochberg, L. R. , Brandman, D. M. , Stavisky, S. D. Long-term independent use of an intracortical brain-computer interface for speech and cursor control. bioRxiv 2025,","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.06.26.661591"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kunz, E. M. et al. Representation of verbal thought in motor cortex and implications for speech neuroprostheses. bioRxiv 2024,","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.10.04.616375"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moses, D. A. , Leonard, M. K. , Makin, J. G. , Chang, E. F . Real-time decoding of question-and-answer speech dialogue using human cortical activity. Nature Communications 2019, 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10994-4"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anumanchipalli, G. K. , Chartier, J. , Chang, E. F . Speech synthesis from neural decoding of spoken sentences. Nature 2019, 568.","DOI":"10.1101\/481267"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angrick, M. , Herff, C. , Mugler, E. , Tate, M. C. , Slutzky, M. W. , Krusienski, D. J. , Schultz, T . Speech synthesis from ECoG using densely connected 3D convolutional neural networks. Journal of Neural Engineering 2019, 16.","DOI":"10.1101\/478644"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brumberg, J. S. , Wright, E. J. , Andreasen, D. S. , Guenther, F. H. , Kennedy, P. R . Classification of intended phoneme production from chronic intracortical microelectrode recordings in speech-motor cortex. Frontiers in Neuroscience 2011,","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2011.00065"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guenther, F. H. , Brumberg, J. S. , Joseph Wright, E. , Nieto-Castanon, A. , Tourville, J. A. , Panko, M. , Law, R. , Siebert, S. A. , Bartels, J. L. , Andreasen, D. S. , Ehirim, P. , Mao, H. , Kennedy, P. R . A wireless brain-machine interface for real-time speech synthesis. PLoS ONE 2009, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008218"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, X. , Iacobacci, C. , Card, N. S. , Wairagkar, M. , Singer-Clark, T. , Kunz, E. M. , Fan, C. , Kamdar, F. , Hahn, N. , Hochberg, L. R. , Henderson, J. M. , Willett, F. R. , Brandman, D. M. , Stavisky, S. D. Error encoding in human speech motor cortex. bioRxiv 2025,","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.06.07.658426"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srinivasan, A. , Wairagkar, M. , Iacobacci, C. , Hou, X. , Card, N. S. , Jacques, B. G. , Pritchard, A. L. , Bechef-sky, P. H. , Hochberg, L. R. , AuYong, N. , Pandarinath, C. , Brandman, D. M. , Stavisky, S. D. Encoding of speech modes and loudness in ventral precentral gyrus. bioRxiv 2025,","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.05.30.657105"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willett, F. R. , Avansino, D. T. , Hochberg, L. R. , Henderson, J. M. , Shenoy, K. V . High-performance brain-to-text communication via handwriting. Nature 2021, 593.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.01.183384"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-025-02157-x","article-title":"Human motor cortex encodes complex handwriting through a sequence of stable neural states","volume":"9","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jude, J. J. , Levi-Aharoni, H. , Acosta, A. J. , Allcroft, S. B. , Nicolas, C. , Lacayo, B. E. , Card, N. S. , Wairagkar, M. , Brandman, D. M. , Stavisky, S. D. , Willett, F. R. , Williams, Z. M. , Simeral, J. D. , Hochberg, L. R. , Rubin, D. B . An intuitive, bimanual, high-throughput QWERTY touch typing neuropros-thesis for people with tetraplegia. medRxiv 2025,","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.04.01.25324990"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, N. P. , Willsey, M. S. , Hahn, N. , Kamdar, F. , Avansino, D. T. , Hochberg, L. R. , Shenoy, K. V. , Henderson, J. M. A brain-computer typing interface using finger movements. International IEEE\/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering, NER. 2023.","DOI":"10.1109\/NER52421.2023.10123912"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.31","unstructured":"Povey, D. , Ghoshal, A. , Boulianne, G. , Burget, L. , Glembek, O. , Goel, N. , Hannemann, M. , Motlicek, P. , Qian, Y. , Schwarz, P. , Silovsky, J. , Stemmer, G. , Vesely, K . The Kaldi Speech Recognition Toolkit. IEEE Signal Processing Society 2011,"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.32","unstructured":"Gao, L. , Biderman, S. , Black, S. , Golding, L. , Hoppe, T. , Foster, C. , Phang, J. , He, H. , Thite, A. , Nabeshima, N. , Presser, S. , Leahy, C . The Pile: An 800GB Dataset of Diverse Text for Language Modeling. arXiv preprint arXiv:2101.00027 2020,"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.33","unstructured":"Li, Y. A. , Han, C. , Raghavan, V. , Mischler, G. , Mesgarani, N . StyleTTS 2: Towards Human-Level Text-to-Speech through Style Diffusion and Adversarial Training with Large Speech Language Models. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. 2023, pp 19594\u201319621."},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rabbani, Q. , Milsap, G. , Crone, N. E. The Potential for a Speech Brain\u2013Computer Interface Using Chronic Electrocorticography. 2019.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-018-00692-2"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moses, D. A. , Metzger, S. L. , Liu, J. R. , Anumanchipalli, G. K. , Makin, J. G. , Sun, P. F. , Chartier, J. , Dougherty, M. E. , Liu, P. M. , Abrams, G. M. , Tu-Chan, A. , Ganguly, K. , Chang, E. F . Neuroprosthesis for Decoding Speech in a Paralyzed Person with Anarthria. New England Journal of Medicine 2021, 385.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2027540"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vansteensel, M. J. , Pels, E. G. , Bleichner, M. G. , Branco, M. P. , Denison, T. , Freudenburg, Z. V. , Gosselaar, P. , Leinders, S. , Ottens, T. H. , Van Den Boom, M. A. , Van Rijen, P. C. , Aarnoutse, E. J. , Ramsey, N. F . Fully Implanted Brain\u2013Computer Interface in a Locked-In Patient with ALS. New England Journal of Medicine 2016, 375.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1608085"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2314598"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stavisky, S. D. , Willett, F. R. , Wilson, G. H. , Murphy, B. A. , Rezaii, P. , Avansino, D. T. , Memberg, W. D. , Miller, J. P. , Kirsch, R. F. , Hochberg, L. R. , Bolu Ajiboye, A. , Druckmann, S. , Shenoy, K. V. , Henderson, J. M . Neural ensemble dynamics in dorsal motor cortex during speech in people with paralysis. eLife 2019, 8.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.46015"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, G. H. , Stavisky, S. D. , Willett, F. R. , Avansino, D. T. , Kelemen, J. N. , Hochberg, L. R. , Henderson, J. M. , Druckmann, S. , Shenoy, K. V . Decoding spoken English from intracortical electrode arrays in dorsal precentral gyrus. Journal of Neural Engineering 2020, 17.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.30.180935"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Maesschalck, R. , Jouan-Rimbaud, D. , Massart, D. L. The Mahalanobis distance. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 2000, 50.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7439(99)00047-7"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.02.001"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godfrey, J. J. , Holliman, E. C. , McDaniel, J . SWITCHBOARD: Telephone speech corpus for research and development. ICASSP, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing - Proceedings. 1992.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.1992.225858"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-024-01867-y","article-title":"Representation of internal speech by single neurons in human supramarginal gyrus","volume":"8","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, J. , LeBel, A. , Jain, S. , Huth, A. G . Semantic reconstruction of continuous language from non-invasive brain recordings. Nature Neuroscience 2023, 26.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.09.29.509744"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-024-00819-9"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, A. B. , Liu, J. R. , Zhao, L. , Levy, D. F. , Scott, T. L. , Chang, E. F. A Neurosurgical Functional Dissection of the Middle Precentral Gyrus during Speech Production. 2022.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1614-22.2022"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J. R. , Zhao, L. , Hullett, P. W. , Chang, E. F . Speech sequencing in the human precentral gyrus. Nature Human Behaviour 2025,","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-025-02250-1"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khanna, A. R. et al. Single-neuronal elements of speech production in humans. Nature 2024, 626.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06982-w"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glasser, M. F. , Sotiropoulos, S. N. , Wilson, J. A. , Coalson, T. S. , Fischl, B. , Andersson, J. L. , Xu, J. , Jbabdi, S. , Webster, M. , Polimeni, J. R. , Van Essen, D. C. , Jenkinson, M . The minimal preprocessing pipelines for the Human Connectome Project. NeuroImage 2013, 80.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.04.127"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glasser, M. F. , Coalson, T. S. , Robinson, E. C. , Hacker, C. D. , Harwell, J. , Yacoub, E. , Ugurbil, K. , Andersson, J. , Beckmann, C. F. , Jenkinson, M. , Smith, S. M. , Van Essen, D. C . A multi-modal parcellation of human cerebral cortex. Nature 2016, 536.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18933"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Young, D. , Willett, F. , Memberg, W. D. , Murphy, B. , Walter, B. , Sweet, J. , Miller, J. , Hochberg, L. R. , Kirsch, R. F. , Ajiboye, A. B . Signal processing methods for reducing artifacts in microelectrode brain recordings caused by functional electrical stimulation. Journal of Neural Engineering 2018, 15.","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aa9ee8"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Penrose, R. A generalized inverse for matrices. Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 1955, 51.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305004100030401"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, Y. H. et al. BRAND: a platform for closed-loop experiments with deep network models. Journal of Neural Engineering 2024, 21.","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad3b3a"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.54","unstructured":"Pedregosa, F. et al. Scikit-learn: Machine learning in Python. Journal of Machine Learning Research 2011, 12."},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, Z. , Wu, D. , Wang, X. , Zhang, B. , Yu, F. , Yang, C. , Peng, Z. , Chen, X. , Xie, L. , Lei, X . WeNet: Production oriented streaming and non-streaming end-to-end speech recognition toolkit. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, INTERSPEECH. 2021.","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2021-1983"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.56","unstructured":"Hunt, A. J. , Black, A. W. Unit selection in a concatenative speech synthesis system using a large speech database. ICASSP, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing - Proceedings. 1996."},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eddy, S. R . Accelerated profile HMM searches. PLoS Computational Biology 2011, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002195"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graves, A. , Fern\u00e1ndez, S. , Gomez, F. , Schmidhuber, J. Connectionist temporal classification: Labelling unsegmented sequence data with recurrent neural networks. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series. 2006.","DOI":"10.1145\/1143844.1143891"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graves, A. , Liwicki, M. , Fern\u00e1ndez, S. , Bertolami, R. , Bunke, H. , Schmidhuber, J . A novel connectionist system for unconstrained handwriting recognition. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 2009, 31.","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2008.137"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graves, A. , Mohamed, A. R. , Hinton, G . Speech recognition with deep recurrent neural networks. ICASSP, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing - Proceedings. 2013.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2013.6638947"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.61","unstructured":"Abadi, M. et al. TensorFlow: A system for large-scale machine learning . Proceedings of the 12th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, OSDI 2016. 2016."},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.62","unstructured":"Fan, C. , Hahn, N. , Kamdar, F. , Avansino, D. , Wilson, G. H. , Hochberg, L. , Shenoy, K. V. , Henderson, J. M. , Willett, F. R . Plug-and-Play Stability for Intracortical Brain-Computer Interfaces: A One-Year Demonstration of Seamless Brain-to-Text Communication. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. 2023."},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karpowicz, B. M. , Ali, Y. H. , Wimalasena, L. N. , Sedler, A. R. , Keshtkaran, M. R. , Bodkin, K. , Ma, X. , Miller, L. E. , Pandarinath, C. Stabilizing brain-computer interfaces through alignment of latent dynamics. bioRxiv 2022,","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.04.06.487388"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.64","unstructured":"Jude, J. , Perich, M. G. , Miller, L. E. , Hennig, M. H . Robust alignment of cross-session recordings of neural population activity by behaviour via unsupervised domain adaptation. Proceedings of Machine Learning Research. 2022."},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.65","unstructured":"Jude, J. , Perich, M. G. , Miller, L. E. , Hennig, M. H . Capturing cross-session neural population variability through self-supervised identification of consistent neuron ensembles. Proceedings of Machine Learning Research. 2023."},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06784-4","article-title":"Measuring instability in chronic human intracortical neural recordings towards stable, long-term brain-computer interfaces","volume":"7","year":"2024","journal-title":"Communications Biology"},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.67","unstructured":"Farshchian, A. , Gallego, J. A. , Miller, L. E. , Solla, S. A. , Cohen, J. P. , Bengio, Y. Adversarial domain adaptation for stable brain-machine interfaces. 7th International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2019. 2019."},{"key":"2025081611250721000_2025.08.12.668516v1.68","unstructured":"Veaux, C. , Yamagishi, J. , MacDonald, K ., others Superseded-cstr vctk corpus: English multi-speaker corpus for cstr voice cloning toolkit. University of Edinburgh. The Centre for Speech Technology Research (CSTR) 2019,"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2025.08.12.668516","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T09:20:37Z","timestamp":1768468837000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2025.08.12.668516"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"references-count":68,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.08.12.668516","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}