{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:59:35Z","timestamp":1787162375740,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]},"group-title":"Endocrinology (including Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Disease)","reference-count":28,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]],"date-time":"2025-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Although many diabetes complications have been extensively studied, less is known about the burden of infectious diseases. We developed a Bayesian approach to compare infection risk across 9,476 patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), 74,270 with type 2 diabetes (T2D), and 32,095 with prediabetes. Patients with T1D, T2D, and prediabetes had multifold increased risk for all organ system- and pathogen-based composite infection outcomes. We also quantified risk for 1,401 individual infection outcomes, finding increased risk for 880 in T1D, 1,047 in T2D, and 991 in prediabetes. Patients had increased risk for well-established diabetes-associated infections (e.g., mucormycosis) and less commonly associated infections (e.g., West Nile Virus encephalitis). Finally, we found disparities in risk across sociodemographic subgroups (i.e., age, sex, ethnicity, ancestry, and insurance status). Our comprehensive findings advance previous research by quantifying risk for wide-ranging infection outcomes across diverse patients with T1D, T2D, and prediabetes through an innovative Bayesian approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.08.20.25334110","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T01:50:25Z","timestamp":1756086625000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Quantifying lifetime risk for 1,401 infectious diseases across the diabetes spectrum using a Bayesian approach"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Boomer B","family":"Olsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Tristani-Firouzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Eilbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Yandell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar J","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2025082613100807000_2025.08.20.25334110v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199912163412507"},{"key":"2025082613100807000_2025.08.20.25334110v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1958.00730020739010"},{"key":"2025082613100807000_2025.08.20.25334110v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(76)90181-9"},{"key":"2025082613100807000_2025.08.20.25334110v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1159\/000490108","article-title":"Fournier\u2019s Gangrene: Literature Review and Clinical Cases","volume":"101","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urol Int"},{"key":"2025082613100807000_2025.08.20.25334110v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.2.510"},{"key":"2025082613100807000_2025.08.20.25334110v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/431587"},{"key":"2025082613100807000_2025.08.20.25334110v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2820"},{"key":"2025082613100807000_2025.08.20.25334110v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13205","article-title":"Association between glycaemic control and common infections in people with Type 2 diabetes: a cohort study","volume":"34","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"2025082613100807000_2025.08.20.25334110v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-2131"},{"key":"2025082613100807000_2025.08.20.25334110v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.congress-2018.PA2639"},{"key":"2025082613100807000_2025.08.20.25334110v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07294-1","article-title":"Metformin use and the risk of bacterial pneumonia in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"12","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025082613100807000_2025.08.20.25334110v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.3194","article-title":"SGLT-2 Inhibitor Use and Cause-Specific Hospitalization Rates: An Outcome-Wide Study to Identify Novel Associations of SGLT-2 Inhibitors","volume":"115","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2025082613100807000_2025.08.20.25334110v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.0030252"},{"key":"2025082613100807000_2025.08.20.25334110v1.14","unstructured":"University of Utah ITS Enterprise Data Warehouse. 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