{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:36:13Z","timestamp":1785418573106,"version":"3.56.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"group-title":"Immunology","reference-count":32,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015326","name":"NIH Common Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["OD035572"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OD035572"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Emory University Center for AIDS Research","award":["P30AI050409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI050409"]}]},{"award":["OD011132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OD011132"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/001d55x84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Thymic output has been extensively studied. While advanced ex-vivo T cell generative approaches exist for mouse and human models, such advancements for nonhuman primate model are lacking. We report the establishment of a rhesus macaque-specific artificial thymic organoid (Rh-ATO) system enabling robust ex vivo T cell generation from CD34\u207a hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). A continuum of distinct thymopoietic stages were recorded - robust T cell specification of HSPCs resembling thymus seeding progenitors, emergence of CD4+CD3-immature single positive, CD4+CD8+ double positive thymocytes, and finally, generation of CD4\u207a and CD8\u207a single-positive T cell subsets expressing CD38, consistent with recent thymic emigrant phenotype. These events closely mirrored Bonafide thymopoietic stages observed in the thymus. T cells expressed TCRs and exhibited polyfunctional cytokine expression. Thus, we report first demonstration of an off the shelf NHP-specific 3D system recapitulating thymopoiesis, providing a translational platform for modeling T cell development, therapeutic strategies, and immunopathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.08.29.673172","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T01:30:17Z","timestamp":1757035817000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A thymus-independent artificial organoid system supports complete thymopoiesis from Rhesus macaque-derived hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Callie","family":"Wilde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saleem","family":"Anwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Tim","family":"Yau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunil","family":"Badve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yesim Gokmen","family":"Polar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Roback","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6309-6797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rama Rao","family":"Amara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. 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