{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:42:22Z","timestamp":1785426142890,"version":"3.56.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":59,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"award":["zia HD000713"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["zia HD000713"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04byxyr05","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["ZIA HD001607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZIA HD001607"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04byxyr05","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Classic experiments showing that monocular visual disruption alters synaptic connections to binocular neurons established the fundamental concept of synaptic plasticity. Synaptic inputs that are activated coincidently with postsynaptic action potential firing are strengthened, and inputs from cells firing before or after the postsynaptic action potential are weakened. An implicit assumption, however, is that the speed of impulse transmission is not altered by visual deprivation. If so, spike time arrival at binocular neurons would be affected, thereby inducing synaptic plasticity. This possibility is tested here in adult mice by monocular eyelid suture and monocular action potential inhibition in retinal axons. The results show that spike time arrival in visual cortex is altered by monocular visual disruption in association with morphological changes in myelin (nodes of Ranvier) on axons in optic nerve and optic tract. This non-synaptic mechanism of ocular dominance plasticity, mediated by myelin-forming cells, supplements and may drive synaptic plasticity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.09.02.673699","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T13:20:14Z","timestamp":1757251214000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Non-synaptic Mechanism of Ocular Dominance Plasticity"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Maxwell K.","family":"Foote","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Nervous System Plasticity and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892"},{"name":"Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William C.","family":"Huffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Nervous System Plasticity and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892"},{"name":"Section on Intracellular Protein Trafficking, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin N.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Nervous System Plasticity and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892"},{"name":"Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip R.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Nervous System Plasticity and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Jarnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan S.","family":"Bonifacino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Intracellular Protein Trafficking, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Douglas","family":"Fields","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Nervous System Plasticity and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892"},{"name":"Quantitative Imaging and Tissue Sciences, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(96)80018-X"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02027-w"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.23329"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01169-4"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellesi, M. , Haswell, J.D. , de Vivo, L. , Marshall, W. , Roseboom, P.H. , Tononi, G. , Cirelli, C . Myelin modifications after chronic sleep loss in adolescent mice. Sleep 41, zsy034 (2018).","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy034"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-24-10464.1998"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4333-10.2010"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3353"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108641","article-title":"Periaxonal and nodal plasticities modulate action potential conduction in the adult mouse brain","volume":"34","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00030.2005"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1811013115"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eisne-Enosh, A. , N. Farah , U. Polat , and Y. Mandel . Temporal synchronization elicits enhancement of binocular vision functions. iScience 26, 105960 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.105960"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6937","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0908-16.2016","article-title":"Dynamic Modulation of Myelination in Response to Visual Stimuli Alters Optic Nerve Conduction Velocity. J","volume":"36","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fields, R.D . (2013) Regulation of myelination by functional activity. Chapter in Neuroglia, H. Kettenmann and B.R. Ransom (eds), 3rd edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 573\u2013585.","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199794591.003.0045"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2019.04.002"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.12.003"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, Y. , Frederick, T.J. , Huff, T.B. , Goings, G.D. , Miller, S.D. , Cheng, J.-X . Paranodal myelin retraction in relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis visualized by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. J Biomed Opt 16, 106006 (2011).","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3638180"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1252304"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523813000515"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(89)90183-1"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.21","unstructured":"Hebb, D. O . The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1949)."},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5393.1504"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2006.06.007"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.06.034"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq260"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12974","article-title":"Differential effect on myelination through abolition of activity-dependent synaptic vesicle release or reduction of overall electrical activity of selected cortical projections in the mouse","volume":"235","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anat. Sep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.27","first-page":"e2005283","article-title":"What exactly is \u2018N\u2019 in cell culture and animal experiments","volume":"16","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Biology"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)90447-2"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18419"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP270950"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(91)90121-F"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5297.213"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23084","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23084","article-title":"Association between chronic stress-induced structural abnormalities in Ranvier nodes and reduced oligodendrocyte activity in major depression","volume":"6","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.03.009"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Oligodendroglia are emerging players in several forms of learning and memory","volume":"5","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2717942"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47996","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.47996","article-title":"Self-organization of modular network architecture by activity-dependent neuronal migration and outgrowth","volume":"8","year":"2019","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.81982"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.81868"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00187-8"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(99)00022-X"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.01.007","article-title":"Activity Regulates Cell Death within Cortical Interneurons through a Calcineurin-Dependent Mechanism","volume":"22","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Reports"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1112204109"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.44","first-page":"0194","article-title":"Effects of Visual Deprivation on Remodeling of Nodes of Ranvier in Optic Nerve","volume":"9","year":"2022","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2024.03.005","article-title":"Recovery of node of Ranvier structure in optic nerve under visual deprivation","volume":"206","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00323-4"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.03.026"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05300"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3977-13.2014"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.05.028"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1206998"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16326","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73353-0","article-title":"Progressive optic atrophy in a retinal ganglion cell-specific mouse model of complex I deficiency","volume":"10","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880030207"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1965.28.6.1029"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1963.26.6.1003"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13321"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13321"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01728-x"},{"key":"2026010105431946000_2025.09.02.673699v2.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.04.033"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2025.09.02.673699","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T05:04:27Z","timestamp":1782277467000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2025.09.02.673699"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]]},"references-count":59,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.09.02.673699","relation":{"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1080\/17590914.2026.2616376","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}