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Nevertheless, some microbes, including the opportunistic yeast pathogen\n                  <jats:italic>Candida glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                  , noted for its karyotype diversity, rapid evolution of antifungal drug resistance, and lack of meiosis, can survive and even replicate inside macrophages. However, it is not fully understood how\n                  <jats:italic>C. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                  responds to macrophage engulfment, and it is unknown how this presumably DNA-damaging environment influences the pathogen\u2019s genome stability. In this study, we used comparative transcriptomics to identify amino acid starvation and DNA damage as conditions eliciting\n                  <jats:italic>C. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                  responses most similar to macrophage engulfment. Consistent with this, we found that\n                  <jats:italic>C. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                  intra-macrophage survival and replication require master regulator of amino acid biosynthesis\n                  <jats:italic>GCN4<\/jats:italic>\n                  and functional DNA double-strand break repair. Furthermore, comet assays provided the first direct evidence for increased DNA breaks in intra-macrophage yeast, and pulse-field gel electrophoresis showed that chromosomal alterations occur frequently in macrophage-passaged\n                  <jats:italic>C. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                  . Interestingly, these alterations could not be resolved by long read DNA sequencing, suggesting that they involved highly complex repetitive regions. Finally, we identified several point mutations emerging during macrophage passaging and showed that among them, a frameshift in\n                  <jats:italic>RME1<\/jats:italic>\n                  (repressor of\n                  <jats:underline>me<\/jats:underline>\n                  iosis in\n                  <jats:italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae<\/jats:italic>\n                  ), increased\n                  <jats:italic>C. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                  intra-macrophage fitness. Together, these analyses point to amino acid deprivation, reveal elevated DNA breakage and chromosome instability, and raise intriguing questions about the role of meiotic gene orthologs in\n                  <jats:italic>C. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                  persisting and replicating within macrophages.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.09.15.676333","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T04:00:11Z","timestamp":1757995211000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["<i>Candida glabrata<\/i>\n                  replicating within macrophages experiences amino acid deprivation, DNA damage, and chromosome instability"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Ariel A.","family":"Aptekmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaly","family":"Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melody C.","family":"Hayman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Quinteros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline E.","family":"Hayter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikhail V.","family":"Keniya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David S.","family":"Perlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7157-1519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Lucas","family":"Argueso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3655-0963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika","family":"Shor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2025091811500748000_2025.09.15.676333v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denning DW . 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