{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T07:55:06Z","timestamp":1791618906905,"version":"4.3.4"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":84,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"NHMRC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["APP630471"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP630471"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"NHMRC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["APP1081603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1081603"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"NHMRC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1196508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1196508"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"NHMRC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1150083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1150083"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009294","name":"ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CE110001021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CE110001021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009294","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U24 RR021992"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24 RR021992"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U24 RR025736"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24 RR025736"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P41RR14075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P41RR14075"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01EB005846"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB005846"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1U24, RR021382A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U24, RR021382A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RR025758-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RR025758-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"United States Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DE-FG02-99ER62764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-FG02-99ER62764"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["1RC1MH089257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1RC1MH089257"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["MH121246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH121246"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["MH097196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH097196"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["MH1345261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH1345261"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["MH119219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH119219"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"PRISMA U.T","award":["111577757629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111577757629"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005970","name":"German Heart Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["521379614"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["521379614"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005970","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Germany\u2018s Excellence Strategy","award":["533717223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["533717223"]}]},{"name":"LOEWE program of the Hessian Ministry of Science and Arts","award":["LOEWE1\/16\/519\/03\/09.001(0009)\/98"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LOEWE1\/16\/519\/03\/09.001(0009)\/98"]}]},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) of the medical faculty of M\u00fcnster","award":["Dan3\/022\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Dan3\/022\/22"]}]},{"name":"Swiss Science Foundation","award":["32003B_219240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32003B_219240"]}]},{"name":"Veterans Affiairs","award":["1IK6CX002519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1IK6CX002519"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MH097435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH097435"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MH084803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH084803"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01EB006841"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB006841"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["140351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["140351"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["169783"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["169783"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Schizophrenia is characterized by widespread structural brain abnormalities, but associations between structural abnormalities and negative symptom severity are not well understood. Negative symptoms have been conceptualized in a hierarchical structure of two second-order dimensions\u2014motivation and pleasure (MAP) and expression (EXP)\u2014and five first-order domains: anhedonia, avolition, and asociality (MAP), and blunted affect and alogia (EXP). A better understanding of the neural circuitry underlying negative symptom dimensions and domains is important given their reported association with poor functional outcome and lack of available treatments.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The meta-analysis included 1,591 individuals with schizophrenia across 16 samples with structural imaging and Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms data. The study generated correlations of cortical thickness and subcortical volumes with the negative symptom dimensions and domains.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Study results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Negative symptoms showed mainly negative associations with cortical thickness and subcortical volumes. The effect sizes were small but there was a pattern of associations in predominantly frontal lobe cortical thickness and limbic subcortical volumes. The regional correlation patterns of cortical thickness and subcortical volumes with symptom domains support the conceptualized hierarchical structure of negative symptoms: correlations of MAP domains were stronger with the MAP than EXP dimension, and vice versa. Exploratory analyses with receptor densities further supported the hierarchy.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our findings reveal small but consistent associations between negative symptom dimensions and predominantly prefrontal region cortical thickness, and limbic region volumes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>These findings advance our understanding of the network of anatomical regions that may contribute to the severity of negative symptoms in schizophrenia.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.09.22.677864","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T12:35:22Z","timestamp":1758630922000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neuroanatomical Correlates of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"SO M Vijayakumar","family":"Kamalakannan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine Hall, room 109, Irvine, CA, 92697-3950, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alie G.","family":"Male","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine Hall, room 109, Irvine, CA, 92697-3950, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musa","family":"Yilanli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio"},{"name":"Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Lella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine Hall, room 109, Irvine, CA, 92697-3950, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaylen","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics, Epidemiology, & Research Design Unit, Institute for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8569-7139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yann","family":"Quid\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurorecovery Research Hub, School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Pain IMPACT, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa J.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2490-2538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murray J.","family":"Cairns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaughan J.","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanley","family":"Catts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frans A.","family":"Henskens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assen","family":"Jablensky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmel","family":"Loughland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Michie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Mowry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9565-0238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Pantelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Carlton South, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (MIPS), Monash University, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Rasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Shall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodney J.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"NSW Health Pathology, John Hunter Hospital, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas W.","family":"Weickert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayse","family":"Belger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Bustillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Mexico, Department of Psychiatry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelvin","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA"},{"name":"GRECC, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith M.","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Francisco"},{"name":"San Francisco VA Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel H.","family":"Mathalon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Francisco"},{"name":"San Francisco VA Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Preda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Irvine, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryon","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven G.","family":"Potkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Irvine, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7072-9399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodore D.","family":"Satterhwaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine"},{"name":"Penn-CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruben C.","family":"Gur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine"},{"name":"Penn-CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel E.","family":"Gur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine"},{"name":"Penn-CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nerisa","family":"Banaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Vecchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Piras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9546-7038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Piras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Ehrlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychological & Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Technischen Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital C.G. Carus Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Bernardoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychological & Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Technischen Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital C.G. Carus Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Borgwardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2339-958X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derin","family":"Cobia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Alpert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Agartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik G.","family":"J\u00f6nsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Centre for Precision Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, 1226 Th\u00f4nex, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edith","family":"Pomarol-Clotet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FIDMAG Sisters Hospitallers Research Foundation"},{"name":"CIBERSAM, ISCIII"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond","family":"Salvador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FIDMAG Sisters Hospitallers Research Foundation"},{"name":"CIBERSAM, ISCIII"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"L\u00f3pez-Jaramillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group in Psychiatry (GIPSI), Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana M.","family":"Diaz-Zuluaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group in Psychiatry (GIPSI), Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia"},{"name":"Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Pineda-Zapata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group in Psychiatry (GIPSI), Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tilo","family":"Kircher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederike","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Krug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Udo","family":"Dannlowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"},{"name":"Bielefeld University, Medical School and University Medical Center OWL, Protestant Hospital of the Bethel Foundation, Department of Psychiatry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Grotegerd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan-Bernard","family":"Marsman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Neuroscience and Cognition, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Aleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony O.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory P.","family":"Strauss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4720-8867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul A.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9486-1439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Krischner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, 1226 Th\u00f4nex, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9058-0747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vince D.","family":"Calhoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TReNDS Center (Georgia State, Georgia Tech, Emory), Atlanta, GA 30303"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica A.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus Ohio 43210"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2465-2797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theo G.M.","family":"van Erp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine Hall, room 109, Irvine, CA, 92697-3950, USA"},{"name":"Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, 309 Qureshey Research Lab, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.118"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.209"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.04.023"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.0257","article-title":"Brain Heterogeneity in Schizophrenia and Its Association With Polygenic Risk","volume":"76","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.0208","article-title":"Toward High Reproducibility and Accountable Heterogeneity in Schizophrenia Research","volume":"76","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25212"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathalon DH , Ford JM . Neurobiology of schizophrenia: search for the elusive correlation with symptoms. Front Hum Neurosci. 2012;6:136.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00136"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1177\/1550059417746214","article-title":"The Neural Correlates of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: Examples From MRI Literature","volume":"49","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin EEG Neurosci"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn167"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2014.01.007"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2013.10.017"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-017-0789-y"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbj053"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.2475"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sby050"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbab148"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaa129","article-title":"The Latent Structure of Negative Symptoms in Individuals With Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome and Early Psychosis: Support for the 5 Consensus Domains","volume":"47","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2019.05.006","article-title":"A large European, multicenter, multinational validation study of the Brief Negative Symptom Scale","volume":"29","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun J , Ching EWK , Strauss GP , Ahmed AO , Chui WWH , Chow JSY . Validation of the traditional script Chinese version of the brief negative symptom scale. Asian J Psychiatr. 2021;55:102522.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.102522"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.04.005","article-title":"Validation of the Brief Negative Symptom Scale and its association with functioning","volume":"208","year":"2019","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haguiara B , Koga G , Diniz E , et al. What is the Best Latent Structure of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia? A Systematic Review. Schizophr Bull Open. 2021;2(1):sgab013.","DOI":"10.1093\/schizbullopen\/sgab013"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sby133"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sby169"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.145.5.578"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.2.165"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.05.014","article-title":"Primary and persistent negative symptoms: Concepts, assessments and neurobiological bases","volume":"186","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02221-w"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang Z , Ruan D , Huang B , et al. Negative symptoms correlate with altered brain structural asymmetry in amygdala and superior temporal region in schizophrenia patients. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:1000560.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1000560"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101372"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makowski C , Bodnar M , Malla AK , Joober R , Lepage M . Age-related cortical thickness trajectories in first episode psychosis patients presenting with early persistent negative symptoms. NPJ Schizophr. 2016;2:16029.","DOI":"10.1038\/npjschz.2016.29"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.148510"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717001283"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2008.01198.x"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbw176"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheon EJ , Male AG , Gao B , et al. Five negative symptom domains are differentially associated with resting state amplitude of low frequency fluctuations in Schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2023;329:111597.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2023.111597"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.12353.1","article-title":"COINSTAC: Decentralizing the future of brain imaging analysis","volume":"6","year":"2017","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01186-3"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.38","unstructured":"Andreasen NC . Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms: SANS. University of Iowa; 1984."},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.40","unstructured":"Andreasen N . The Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS). University of Iowa; 1984."},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v64n0607"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.2475","article-title":"The Latent Structure of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia","volume":"75","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/t12696-000"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-021-01186-4","article-title":"The ENIGMA Toolbox: multiscale neural contextualization of multisite neuroimaging datasets","volume":"18","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Methods"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUROIMAGE.2018.05.070"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121945"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-2909.87.2.245"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0000000000000377"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Craig AD. How Do You Feel?: An Interoceptive Moment with Your Neurobiological Self. Princeton University Press; 2014.","DOI":"10.23943\/princeton\/9780691156767.001.0001"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53860-4.00007-6"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.03.042"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4286-07.2008"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2008.02087.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-022024-103901","article-title":"Cognitive Control","volume":"76","year":"2025","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804281-6.00009-4"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbq068"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-021-00923-8","article-title":"Orbitofrontal and Cingulate Thickness Asymmetry Associated with Depressive Symptom Dimensions","volume":"21","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rolls ET , Cheng W , Feng J . The orbitofrontal cortex: reward, emotion and depression. Brain Commun. 2020;2(2):fcaa196.","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa196"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-023-02644-9","article-title":"Emotion, motivation, decision-making, the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and the amygdala","volume":"228","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Structure and Function"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2626(03)00277-X"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2007.04.007"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.2.719"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2006.18.6.932"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00784.2004"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.10.015"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.04.023"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(20000103)416:1<79::AID-CNE6>3.0.CO;2-2"},{"issue":"116628","key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.72","first-page":"116628","article-title":"Relationships between cognition and symptoms across mood and psychotic disorders","volume":"351","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2009.02.023","article-title":"Haplotype analysis confirms association of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene with schizophrenia in the Han Chinese population","volume":"453","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.06.005","article-title":"Alterations in the serotonin system in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of postmortem and molecular imaging studies","volume":"45","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2012.169"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbr111"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.07.008","article-title":"Heterogeneity of Striatal Dopamine Function in Schizophrenia: Meta-analysis of Variance","volume":"87","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.105.012419"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn4004"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.06.017"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00005.2009"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.02.018"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.07.002","article-title":"Mechanisms of action and clinical efficacy of NMDA receptor modulators in mood disorders","volume":"80","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2026020605275355000_2025.09.22.677864v3.84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.08.017","article-title":"The role of NMDA receptors in the pathophysiology and treatment of mood disorders","volume":"47","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2025.09.22.677864","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T13:28:11Z","timestamp":1770384491000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2025.09.22.677864"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"references-count":84,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.09.22.677864","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}