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This condition continues to be extremely difficult to treat, as we grapple with its neural and behavioral complexities. What we are missing is a comprehensive account on how na\u00efve brains react to occasional and chronic cocaine use, abstinence and re-exposure within subject. We tracked na\u00efve macaques using precision functional mapping before, during and after chronic cocaine self-administration over a period of nine months. We analyzed the entire brain to illustrate the pervasive impact of chronic cocaine use on overall function. Although we set out to map the \u201caddiction\u201d connectome, we found that the neural correlates of chronic drug use and recovery are more complex that can be captured by a singular, canonical connectome. We provide a preclinical model that maps the progression of the macaque functional connectome from a na\u00efve state through chronic cocaine use, recovery and re-exposure. We demonstrate that the \u201caddiction\u201d connectome is dynamic and is characterized by the interaction of subject by drug by time. Occasional cocaine use, whether initial or re-exposure, overrides individual differences, leading to a strong homogenous effect across subjects, or convergence. However, the brain\u2019s response to prolonged cocaine use becomes more individualized, resulting in the divergence of effects across subjects. This can be explained by heterogeneity in cocaine-induced effects and in their associated timescales. Abstinence-induced neural alterations converged across subjects after 1-month, but by 2 months, individual trajectories revealed heterogeneity, possibly indicating differences in recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.09.23.678075","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T02:20:16Z","timestamp":1758853216000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Convergent and divergent neural and behavioral responses to chronic cocaine use in macaques"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4786-9657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M.G.","family":"Manea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tait","family":"Erickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela Delgado","family":"Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah R.","family":"Heilbronner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4889-9700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Zilverstand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3345-6074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2025092909450761000_2025.09.23.678075v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30337-7","article-title":"The global burden of disease attributable to alcohol and drug use in 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"5","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025092909450761000_2025.09.23.678075v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shield, K. 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