{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:26:50Z","timestamp":1785403610015,"version":"3.56.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"group-title":"Cell Biology","reference-count":10,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"award":["R01-AI167285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI167285"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/001d55x84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["648423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["648423"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05f2xbq60","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["UL1TR002345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002345"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pw6fb54","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) Crohn\u2019s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are disorders that cause chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD. There are currently &gt;200 known genetic susceptibility loci for the development of IBD. The physiological impact of the majority of these loci remain a gap in our knowledge. One such locus is the single nucleotide polymorphism rs1077773, located \u223c56kbp downstream from the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (\n                    <jats:italic>AHR<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) gene. AHR is a ligand-activated transcription factor that is crucial to maintaining intestinal homeostasis. We hypothesized that rs1077773 enhances AHR activity to regulate mucosal immune response and maintain intestinal homeostasis.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    All study procedures and reagents were approved by the Washington University Institutional Review Board (#202011003). Patient biopsies were collected at Barnes Jewish Hospital and genotyped using the IBD Genetics Consortium custom GSA SNP chip (Broad Institute) followed by imputation using TopMed Imputation Server at University of Michigan. Patient derived organoids (PDOs; N=3 G\/G, N=4 G\/A, N=5 A\/A) were derived and maintained in 3D culture and supplemented with 50% L-WRN conditioned medium with passage every 3-4 days as previously described. PDOs were treated with AHR agonist 6-Formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ) or vehicle for 48h. Expression of\n                    <jats:italic>AHR<\/jats:italic>\n                    and its transcriptional targets Cytochrome P450 1A1 (\n                    <jats:italic>CYP1A1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and\n                    <jats:italic>CYP1B1<\/jats:italic>\n                    was assessed by RT-qPCR. Blood was collected from pediatric patients undergoing intestinal resection at St. Louis Children\u2019s Hospital and was genotyped with custom TaqMan SNP assay (N=3 G\/G, N=5 G\/A). Peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM\u03a6s) were treated with lipopolysaccharide in the presence or absence of AHR ligands FICZ or indole-3-carboxaldehyde for 24h. Cytokine levels in culture supernatant were measured via using the ProcartaPlex human cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor 45-plex (ThermoFisher) on a Luminex FLEXMAP3D instrument.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>AHR<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression was similar across genotypes and treatments. PDOs homozygous for rs1077773 demonstrate enhanced\n                    <jats:italic>CYP1A1<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression in response to AHR activation. In PBM\u03a6s, cytokine secretion was stimulated by LPS treatment and was abrogated by FICZ treatment. PBM\u03a6s with rs1077773 alternate allele demonstrated significant reduction in secretion of 17 cytokines and chemokines.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This work demonstrates that rs1077773 is an expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) for AHR activity and modulates epithelial and immune cell function in vitro. Further mechanistic understanding of this locus and its correlates could improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of IBD susceptibility and may lead to novel personalized therapeutic approaches in IBD.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our work demonstrates rs1077773 alternate allele is associated with enhanced aryl hydrocarbon transcriptional activity in human primary epithelial organoids and reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory cytokine production in human peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Key Message<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We have identified rs1077773 as a pharmacogenomic regulator of inflammatory response in human primary intestinal organoids and peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    AHR activity. Individual genetic variation affecting this pathway may account for differences in response to environmental stimuli and the development and progression of IBD.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.09.26.678301","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T20:20:11Z","timestamp":1759177211000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["IBD risk locus rs1077773 is a pharmacogenomic eQTL for aryl hydrocarbon receptor activity and modulates immune cell function"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Ashley C.","family":"King","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"Seiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerry","family":"Swanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Ciorba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8748-0761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David M.","family":"Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2025100222051555000_2025.09.26.678301v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002180","article-title":"The Contribution of Genetic Risk and Lifestyle Factors in the Development of Adult-Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"118","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025100222051555000_2025.09.26.678301v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00430-8"},{"key":"2025100222051555000_2025.09.26.678301v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3359"},{"key":"2025100222051555000_2025.09.26.678301v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1038\/s41431-023-01298-9","article-title":"A family with ulcerative colitis maps to 7p21.1 and comprises a region with regulatory activity for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor gene","volume":"31","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2025100222051555000_2025.09.26.678301v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy083"},{"key":"2025100222051555000_2025.09.26.678301v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izae269","article-title":"Eleven Grand Challenges for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Genetics and Genomics","volume":"31","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"2025100222051555000_2025.09.26.678301v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3656"},{"key":"2025100222051555000_2025.09.26.678301v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.07.013"},{"key":"2025100222051555000_2025.09.26.678301v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00349-16"},{"key":"2025100222051555000_2025.09.26.678301v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.05.023","article-title":"Curcumin-QingDai Combination for Patients With Active Ulcerative Colitis: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"22","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2025.09.26.678301","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T09:41:26Z","timestamp":1768470086000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2025.09.26.678301"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"references-count":10,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.09.26.678301","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}