{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T11:07:07Z","timestamp":1774264027108,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"group-title":"Bioengineering","reference-count":40,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["K01DK125633"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01DK125633"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01DK135955"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK135955"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["T32EB014836"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32EB014836"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009560","name":"American Gastroenterological Association","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Research Scholar Award in Health Disparities"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research Scholar Award in Health Disparities"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009560","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating gastrointestinal condition increasingly recognized to cause systemic complications, including acute kidney injury (AKI). However, the underlying mechanisms and variations in renal impairment remain largely unknown, and there is a lack of non-invasive imaging methods for detecting early kidney injury.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We evaluated kidney injury through a multimodal approach, using a neonatal rat model of experimental NEC. Plasma and renal tissue were analyzed for pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, IL-1\u03b2) by ELISA. Histological analysis and immunofluorescence staining were used to identify renal abnormalities and expressions of KIM-1 and NGAL. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) was used to assess renal oxygenation and total hemoglobin as functional imaging biomarkers of kidney injury.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>NEC pups showed significant elevations of systemic and renal cytokines, as well as increased expression of KIM-1, NGAL and CD31 in proximal tubules of the kidney. Histological examination further confirms renal injury in the NEC cohort. PAI demonstrated reduction in renal oxygen saturation, offering non-invasive assessment of physiological kidney damage.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study characterizes AKI associated with NEC as an inflammatory and hypoxic response in the neonatal rat NEC model and introduces PAI as a promising imaging modality for non-invasive evaluation of renal injury in NEC.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.09.30.679399","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T01:35:11Z","timestamp":1759455311000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Photoacoustic imaging assessment of acute kidney injury associated with experimental necrotizing enterocolitis"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Anchala","family":"Guglani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angadh","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maryssa A.","family":"Ellison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nildris","family":"Cruz-Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery\/Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Sciences Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parvesh M.","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Neonatal and Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, Winston-Salem, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9047-5514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jared A.","family":"Weis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9907-6758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria G.","family":"Weis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, Winston-Salem, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026032303200590000_2025.09.30.679399v2.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2347-4135"},{"key":"2026032303200590000_2025.09.30.679399v2.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2009.02.013"},{"key":"2026032303200590000_2025.09.30.679399v2.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2013.11.015"},{"key":"2026032303200590000_2025.09.30.679399v2.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsaied A , Islam N , and Thalib L . 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