{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T13:16:49Z","timestamp":1768569409137,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"group-title":"Epidemiology","reference-count":37,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Precise modeling of epidemic spread is difficult. One explanation is that disease spread is inherently stochastic. This would suggest that the distribution of cases across geographic regions would progress towards that more favored by chance. If the epidemic proceeds long enough, the allocation of cases could approach that most expected, maximizing Boltzmann\u2013Gibbs\u2013Shannon entropy. Here, we tested these hypotheses on mortality data from the Venetian 1630\u20131631 plague epidemic. Entropy per case (intensive) of the quantile function (distribution of parishes ranked by case rates) increased from an effective number of 7.32 parishes (95% CI 3.32\u201312.55 parishes) to 47.9 parishes (47.5\u201348.9 parishes) out of 50 total, indicating that the quantile function approached a uniform maximum entropy distribution. Intensive entropy of the probability density function (parishes categorized by cumulative case rate) increased from 0.63 nats (0.32\u20130.93 nats) to 1.75 nats (1.53\u20131.87 nats). The PDF approached a Gaussian distribution. The Kullback\u2013Leibler divergence decreased from 0.84 nats (0.71\u20131.42 nats) to 0.12 nats (0.083\u2013 0.35 nats). These findings quantify how disease spreads and demonstrate that observed heterogeneity in infections between regions may in some circumstances be explained by chance alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.10.06.25335371","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T00:35:18Z","timestamp":1759883718000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spread of the plague in Venice, 1630\u20131631: epidemic entropy in a \u201cnatural experiment\u201d"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Jonathan L.","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ariktha","family":"Srivathsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Deiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seth","family":"Blumberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Travis C.","family":"Porco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Lietman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2025101102100700000_2025.10.06.25335371v2.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijforecast.2020.08.004","article-title":"Forecasting for COVID-19 has failed","volume":"38","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. 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