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Using high-resolution fMRI, we compared the mesoscale organization of extrastriate cortex in 16 individuals with normal vision and 15 participants with amblyopia (PwA) caused by strabismus (n=8) or anisometropia (n=7). In controls, the cortical territory occupied by disparity-selective columns exhibited a competitive relationship with that of motion- and color-selective columns. Consistent with this pattern, PwA showed a reduction in disparity-selective responses accompanied by enhanced motion- and color-selective activity, as well as expansion of the cortical territory allocated to them. Our results show that the mesoscale modules of the human visual system are rivals in development allowing intact functions to usurp those that are compromised.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.10.13.682053","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:20:14Z","timestamp":1760487614000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mesoscale developmental rivalry in human extrastriate visual cortex"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7546-9976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahin","family":"Nasr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2470-8404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Skerswetat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0377-6815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianna E.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2923-0024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric D.","family":"Gaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6754-5545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antony B.","family":"Morland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Bex","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David G.","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2025101708501409000_2025.10.13.682053v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhq272"},{"key":"2025101708501409000_2025.10.13.682053v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1101-15.2015"},{"key":"2025101708501409000_2025.10.13.682053v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.136242"},{"key":"2025101708501409000_2025.10.13.682053v1.4","first-page":"496","article-title":"The effects of short-term experimental strabismus on the visual system in Macaca mulatta","volume":"18","year":"1979","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2025101708501409000_2025.10.13.682053v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0382"},{"key":"2025101708501409000_2025.10.13.682053v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac226"},{"key":"2025101708501409000_2025.10.13.682053v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.09.045","article-title":"Two cortical deficits underlie amblyopia: A multifocal fMRI analysis","volume":"190","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2025101708501409000_2025.10.13.682053v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3047-14.2015"},{"key":"2025101708501409000_2025.10.13.682053v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/stra.10.2.129.8140"},{"key":"2025101708501409000_2025.10.13.682053v1.10","first-page":"1327","article-title":"Effects of early unilateral blur on the macaque\u2019s visual system","volume":"7","year":"1987","journal-title":"II. 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