{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T22:23:57Z","timestamp":1770157437064,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":68,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01MH128176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH128176"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01EY033950"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY033950"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["F31EY036279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31EY036279"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Higher brain functions and cognition undergo a critical period of development during adolescence, when psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia typically onset. Understanding how developmental processes during adolescence interact with schizophrenia pathophysiology and risk remains a central goal in psychiatry. Here we show that a well-established biomarker of schizophrenia, mismatch negativity, matures during adolescence in mouse primary visual cortex, along with a strengthening of fronto-visual functional connectivity. Because microglia are implicated in schizophrenia risk and disease states, we further investigated what role microglia may play in the development of mismatch responses under physiological conditions. We found that microglial depletion with PLX5622 in adolescence arrests the development of resting oscillations in frontal areas, but does not affect the development of deviance detection, other signatures of visual context processing, or prefrontal\u2013visual functional connectivity. Our findings suggest (a) a key component of mismatch negativity develops in adolescence, a period of vulnerability to schizophrenia, and (b) the development underlying this component does not require robust microglia activity, clarifying the developmental role of microglia in higher order visual processing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.10.14.682114","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T01:50:22Z","timestamp":1760579422000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mismatch negativity develops in adolescence and independently of microglia"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5304-2189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna M.","family":"Rader Groves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Wargo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina J.","family":"Sutton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hana S.","family":"Dalwai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antanovia D.","family":"Ferrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bhoomi","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jordan M.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3531-4213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Connor G.","family":"Gallimore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9279-0876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chloe L.","family":"West Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8872-4999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Bolton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fumiyasu","family":"Imai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9868-6121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan P.","family":"Hamm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2025101803201478000_2025.10.14.682114v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2023.102820"},{"key":"2025101803201478000_2025.10.14.682114v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153502"},{"key":"2025101803201478000_2025.10.14.682114v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.13121691"},{"key":"2025101803201478000_2025.10.14.682114v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2015.05.011"},{"key":"2025101803201478000_2025.10.14.682114v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BIOPSYCH.2015.08.025"},{"key":"2025101803201478000_2025.10.14.682114v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2863","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.16355","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the visual mismatch negativity in schizophrenia","volume":"59","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. 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