{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T06:03:25Z","timestamp":1782281005632,"version":"3.54.5"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":96,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/about\/FAQ#license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Quantal synaptic transmission in vestibular end-organs is glutamatergic. Although genetic deletion of\n                  <jats:italic>Slc17a8<\/jats:italic>\n                  (termed\n                  <jats:italic>Vglut3<\/jats:italic>\n                  ) leads to deafness in mice, the dependence of vestibular function on VGLUT3-mediated quantal transmission is unknown. Here, we investigated the vestibular phenotype of\n                  <jats:italic>\n                    Vglut3\n                    <jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>\n                  <\/jats:italic>\n                  mice at the cellular, systems, and behavioral levels. The type-II vestibular hair cells (VHCs) in\n                  <jats:italic>\n                    Vglut3\n                    <jats:sup>+\/+<\/jats:sup>\n                  <\/jats:italic>\n                  mice were strongly immunoreactive for VGLUT3, while type-I VHCs showed poor immunoreactivity. In\n                  <jats:italic>\n                    Vglut3\n                    <jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>\n                  <\/jats:italic>\n                  mice quantal synaptic transmission in utricular calyces was reduced in rate and amplitude by &gt; 95%.\n                  <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                  recordings of spontaneous activity in the vestibular nerve revealed similar action potential rates and regularity in\n                  <jats:italic>\n                    Vglut3\n                    <jats:sup>+\/+<\/jats:sup>\n                  <\/jats:italic>\n                  and\n                  <jats:italic>\n                    Vglut3\n                    <jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>\n                  <\/jats:italic>\n                  mice, suggesting a divergent underlying mechanism compared to the silent\n                  <jats:italic>\n                    Vglut3\n                    <jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>\n                  <\/jats:italic>\n                  auditory nerve. In behavioral studies,\n                  <jats:italic>\n                    Vglut3\n                    <jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>\n                  <\/jats:italic>\n                  mice did not exhibit considerable sensorimotor or balance deficits. Collectively, these data support the view that non-quantal transmission is the predominant mode of neurotransmission between type I VHCs and vestibular calyceal afferent neurons. We propose that non-quantal transmission alone underlies the apparently normal vestibular nerve physiology and behavioral function in\n                  <jats:italic>\n                    Vglut3\n                    <jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>\n                  <\/jats:italic>\n                  mice.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.10.15.682551","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T01:15:17Z","timestamp":1760577317000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Persistence of vestibular function in the absence of glutamatergic transmission from hair cells"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Mohona","family":"Mukhopadhyay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4153-2507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruchi","family":"Modgekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aizhen","family":"Yang-Hood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin 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