{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T02:22:09Z","timestamp":1768530129888,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":62,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Berberis aristata<\/jats:italic>\n                  root extract, and berberine were assessed for their anti-pathogenic activity against multidrug resistant\n                  <jats:italic>Chromobacterium violaceum<\/jats:italic>\n                  . Berberine was found to be more potent than the parent extract with respect to attenuation of the pathogen\u2019s virulence against the model host\n                  <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis elegans.<\/jats:italic>\n                  It also performed better than six different antibiotics, when compared at same concentration. Berberine was able to modulate multiple traits of the target pathogen, such as, biofilm formation, haemolytic activity, efflux\/transport activity, and exopolysaccharide production. Repeated exposure of\n                  <jats:italic>C. violaceum<\/jats:italic>\n                  to berberine did not induce resistance. Whole transcriptome analysis of the berberine-treated\n                  <jats:italic>C. violaceum<\/jats:italic>\n                  revealed differential expression of genes associated with stress response, efflux, denitrification, and metalloproteases. Downregulation of two genes of the denitrification pathway,\n                  <jats:italic>nirK<\/jats:italic>\n                  and\n                  <jats:italic>norB<\/jats:italic>\n                  , was confirmed through RT-PCR too.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.10.17.683191","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T05:40:13Z","timestamp":1760852413000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Berberine, the major bioactive compound from\n                  <i>Berberis aristata,<\/i>\n                  attenuates virulence of multidrug resistant\n                  <i>Chromobacterium violaceum<\/i>\n                  at non-lethal concentrations by targeting bacterial efflux and denitrification machinery"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6781-4441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nidhi","family":"Thakkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1604-912X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gemini","family":"Gajera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1035-7217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijay","family":"Kothari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2025102300200763000_2025.10.17.683191v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02213"},{"key":"2025102300200763000_2025.10.17.683191v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2017.07.022"},{"key":"2025102300200763000_2025.10.17.683191v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2024.106332"},{"key":"2025102300200763000_2025.10.17.683191v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2024.1286675"},{"key":"2025102300200763000_2025.10.17.683191v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1303595"},{"key":"2025102300200763000_2025.10.17.683191v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S272193"},{"key":"2025102300200763000_2025.10.17.683191v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2017.10.012"},{"key":"2025102300200763000_2025.10.17.683191v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2025.106539"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102300200763000_2025.10.17.683191v1.9","first-page":"227","article-title":"Antimicrobial potential of Berberis aristata DC against some human bacterial pathogens","volume":"52","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Mycopathological Research"},{"key":"2025102300200763000_2025.10.17.683191v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5958\/0974-360X.2020.01004.5"},{"key":"2025102300200763000_2025.10.17.683191v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.115.176099"},{"key":"2025102300200763000_2025.10.17.683191v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-019-2428-5"},{"key":"2025102300200763000_2025.10.17.683191v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.19787.2"},{"key":"2025102300200763000_2025.10.17.683191v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33393\/dti.2024.3082"},{"key":"2025102300200763000_2025.10.17.683191v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1871526518666181022112552"},{"key":"2025102300200763000_2025.10.17.683191v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1872208310666160414102848"},{"key":"2025102300200763000_2025.10.17.683191v1.17","unstructured":"Hirshfield IN , Barua S , Basu P . 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