{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T09:35:02Z","timestamp":1786440902841,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"group-title":"Otolaryngology","reference-count":106,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"NIH National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01DC014078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC014078"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"NIH National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["K23MH108603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23MH108603"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Cincinnati ChildrenM-BM-^Rs Research Foundation Trustee Award"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014653","name":"NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NIHR203308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR203308"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014653","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UKRI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MR\/X035999\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/X035999\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Children with neurodevelopmental disorders have a high rate of listening difficulty (LiD); impaired listening ability in the absence of hearing loss. However, the nature and mechanisms of LiD remain unclear. It has been proposed that LiD results from a primary auditory processing disorder, a perturbation of auditory specific brain activity underlying perception. An alternative hypothesis is that LiD results from a higher level, post-coding disorder of speech and language. This study used resting state fMRI of forebrain functional connectivity to distinguish between these hypotheses. It investigated the distribution of speech, non-speech \u2018sound\u2019, and visual processing networks in three groups of children aged 6-14 years with normal hearing. In addition to children with caregiver-identified LiD, two control groups were children diagnosed with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and typically developing children. Relative to typically developing children, reduced functional connectivity of the speech network was found in children with LiD. No change was found in networks for non-speech sounds or visual stimuli in the children with LiD, suggesting a specific deficit in speech processing. Children with ADHD showed reduced connectivity in both speech and sound networks, but not in the visual network, suggesting a common underlying cause for auditory and speech difficulties. We conclude that listening difficulties in children are mediated by speech-specific neural mechanisms. The findings strengthen research calls for speech and language testing as a component of clinical pediatric audiological assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Significance statement<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study provides compelling neurobiological evidence that childhood listening difficulties, without hearing loss, are linked to specific deficits in speech network connectivity rather than to a general auditory dysfunction or delayed development. Our findings highlight the value of caregiver observations. Questionnaire scores aligned more strongly than objective hearing measures with neurological differences, supporting caregiver perspectives in assessment. Persistent neural differences throughout childhood highlight the need for early identification and sustained intervention in listening difficulties. By bridging everyday observations with measurable brain function, this work has the potential to improve clinical approaches for neurodevelopmental disorders, informing more effective and evidence-based assessment and intervention strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.10.22.25338400","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T20:25:15Z","timestamp":1761251115000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Forebrain speech networks specifically impaired in children with listening difficulties"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9450-9486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah J.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Communication Sciences Research Centre, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Research in Patient Services, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK"},{"name":"Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Cash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communication Sciences Research Centre, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Research in Patient Services, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa L.","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communication Sciences Research Centre, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Research in Patient Services, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9194-854X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan E.","family":"Peelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders and Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leanne","family":"Tamm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9046-5183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen P.","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Vannest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research in Patient Services, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Division of Speech-Language Pathology, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Centre, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communication Sciences Research Centre, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Research in Patient Services, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.1","unstructured":"Alvand, A. , Kuruvilla-Mathew, A. , Kirk, I. J. , Roberts, R. P. , Pedersen, M. , & Purdy, S. C. (2022)."},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altered brain network topology in children with auditory processing disorder: A resting-state multi-echo fMRI study. NeuroImage: Clinical, 35, 103139.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103139"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7727","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad075","article-title":"Altered structural connectome of children with auditory processing disorder: A diffusion MRI study","volume":"33","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/JCPP.13481"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.5","unstructured":"Barry, J. G. , & Moore, D. R . (2021). ECLIPS: Evaluation of children\u2019s listening and processing skills (2nd edn). Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital."},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barry, J. G. , Tomlin, D. , Moore, D. R. , & Dillon, H . (2015). Use of Questionnaire-Based Measures in the Assessment of Listening Difficulties in School-Aged Children. 1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000180"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.06.034","article-title":"The neuro bureau adhd-200 preprocessed repository","volume":"144","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.8","unstructured":"Bishop, D. (2006). Children\u2019s communication checklist-2: United States edition. The Psychological Corporation."},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021963098002832"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820802259662","article-title":"Identifying language impairment in children: Combining language test scores with parental report","volume":"44","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.02.015"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(01)00085-6"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352247","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2024.1352247","article-title":"Development of auditory scene analysis: A mini-review","volume":"18","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"02","key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.20.2.6","article-title":"Development of the North American Listening in Spatialized Noise\u2013Sentences Test (NA LiSN-S): Sentence equivalence, normative data, and test\u2013retest reliability studies","volume":"20","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Audiology"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e318031267f"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.19.5.2"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.22.10.7"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/audiores.2012.e15"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.19","first-page":"8","article-title":"A whole brain fMRI atlas generated via spatially constrained spectral clustering","volume":"33","year":"2012","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2022.108521","article-title":"White matter structural network alterations in congenital bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss children: A graph theory analysis","volume":"422","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hearing Research"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.21","first-page":"37","article-title":"Consistent resting-state networks across healthy subjects","volume":"103","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2020.00029","article-title":"Postnatal development of visual cortical function in the mammalian brain","volume":"14","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denys, S. , Barry, J. , Moore, D. R. , Verhaert, N. , & van Wieringen, A. (2024). A Multi-Sample Comparison and Rasch Analysis of the Evaluation of Children\u2019s Listening and Processing Skills Questionnaire. Ear and Hearing, 10\u20131097.","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001509"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1113427109"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2013.09.014"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dillon, H. , & Cameron, S . (2021). Separating the causes of listening difficulties in children. Ear and Hearing.","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001069"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eggermont, J. J. , & Moore, J. K . (2011). Morphological and functional development of the auditory nervous system. In Human auditory development (pp. 61\u2013105). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-1421-6_3"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.28","first-page":"9","article-title":"Coordinate-based activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of neuroimaging data: A random-effects approach based on empirical estimates of spatial uncertainty","volume":"30","year":"2009","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enge, A. , Friederici, A. D. , & Skeide, M. A . (2020). A meta-analysis of fMRI studies of language comprehension in children. NeuroImage, 116858.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116858"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ertmer, D. J . (2011). Assessing speech intelligibility in children with hearing loss: Toward revitalizing a valuable clinical tool. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools.","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461(2010\/09-0081)"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.237"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2010\/09-0167)"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Auditory Processing Performance and Nonsensory Factors in Children with Specific Language Impairment or Auditory Processing Disorder","volume":"35","year":"2014","journal-title":"Seminars in Hearing"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.211855"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.nainr.2008.10.010"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.36","first-page":"3","article-title":"\u201cSparse\u201d temporal sampling in auditory fMRI","volume":"7","year":"1999","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.12.109"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci6040050","article-title":"Language problems and ADHD symptoms: How specific are the links?","volume":"6","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112768"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3118"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.41","first-page":"9","article-title":"Functional MRI of language lateralization during development in children","volume":"46","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Audiology"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoyda, J. C. , Stewart, H. J. , Vannest, J. , Washington, K. N. , & Moore, D. R . (2025). Structural and pragmatic language skills in school-age children relate to resting state functional connectivity. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 1\u201322.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-025-01040-7"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140643"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Peripheral auditory involvement in childhood listening difficulty","volume":"42","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ear and Hearing"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2023.108705"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.91264.2008"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617711000932"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.08.028"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021","article-title":"Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data","volume":"36","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.50","first-page":"8","article-title":"Development and standardization of SCAN-C test for auditory processing disorders in children","volume":"11","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Audiology"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001517"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krall, R. F. , Cassidy, R. M. , Ghimire, M. , Chambers, C. N. , Arnold, M. P. , Brougher, L. I. , Chen, J. , Deshmukh, R. , King, H. B. , Morford, H. J. , & others. (2024). Primary auditory cortex is necessary for the acquisition and expression of categorical behavior. bioRxiv, 2024\u201302.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.02.02.578700"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraus, N. , & Anderson, S . (2016). Auditory processing disorder: Biological basis and treatment efficacy. Translational Research in Audiology , Neurotology, and the Hearing Sciences, 51\u201380.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-40848-4_3"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.54","first-page":"1","article-title":"The BrainMap strategy for standardization, sharing, and meta-analysis of neuroimaging data","volume":"4","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Research Notes"},{"issue":"01","key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.55","first-page":"72","article-title":"Auditory processing assessment in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: An open study examining methylphenidate effects","volume":"21","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leibold, L. J . (2011). Development of auditory scene analysis and auditory attention. In Human auditory development (pp. 137\u2013161). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-1421-6_5"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2010.21570"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.05.010","article-title":"Topological reorganization after partial auditory deprivation\u2014A structural connectivity study in single-sided deafness","volume":"380","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hearing Research"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0815-48"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-62630-1.00003-2","article-title":"Development of the auditory system","volume":"129","year":"2015","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.61","first-page":"2","article-title":"Spatial Release from Masking","volume":"8","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acoustics Today"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2026.101708"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2018.08.024"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.64","first-page":"9","article-title":"Structural organization of the ascending auditory pathway","volume":"1147","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Auditory Brain"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001225","article-title":"Hearing impairment in the extended high frequencies in children despite clinically normal hearing","volume":"43","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ear and Hearing"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mittelstadt, J. K. , Shilling-Scrivo, K. V. , & Kanold, P. O . (2025). Aging in the Primary Auditory Cortex. Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, 1\u201320.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-025-01013-z"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HJ.0000513797.74922.42"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2014.07.006"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.69","first-page":"73","article-title":"How should we detect and identify deficit specific auditory processing disorders","volume":"27","year":"2018","journal-title":"ENT & Audiology News"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-2826"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00675"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/21695717.2013.821756"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2978","DOI":"10.1044\/2025_JSLHR-24-00306","article-title":"Multidisciplinary clinical assessment and interventions for childhood listening difficulty and auditory processing disorder: Relation between research findings and clinical practice. Journal of Speech","volume":"68","year":"2025","journal-title":"Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.15098"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000802"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/PNAS.1903315116"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1978.tb00600.x"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw251"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, K. H. , Chung, W.-H. , Kwon, H. , & Lee, J.-M . (2018). Evaluation of cerebral white matter in prelingually deaf children using diffusion tensor imaging. BioMed Research International, 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6795397"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(98)00075-X"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2023_JSLHR-23-00317"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petley, L. , Hunter, L. L. , Zadeh, L. M. , Stewart, H. J. , Sloat, N. T. , Perdew, A. , Lin, L. , & Moore, D. R . (2021). Listening Difficulties in Children with Normal Audiograms: Relation to Hearing and Cognition. Ear and Hearing.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.10.05.20205468"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2018.11.012","article-title":"White noise as a possible therapeutic option for children with ADHD","volume":"42","year":"2019","journal-title":"Complementary Therapies in Medicine"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinheiro, A. P. , Aucouturier, J.-J. , & Kotz, S. A . (2024). Neural adaptation to changes in self-voice during puberty. Trends in Neurosciences.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2024.08.001"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-10-33"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.86","first-page":"6","article-title":"Comorbidity of central auditory processing disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"33","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0014418"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42456","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42456","article-title":"Hemispheric differences between left and right supramarginal gyrus for pitch and rhythm memory","volume":"7","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2156-11.2011"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2008\/07-0226"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214188","DOI":"10.3389\/fauot.2023.1214188","article-title":"Subclinical hearing loss and educational performance in children: A national study","volume":"1","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Audiology and Otology"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000524"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-014-9342-8"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103172","article-title":"Speech cortical activation and connectivity in typically developing children and those with listening difficulties","volume":"36","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clinical"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2017.0953","article-title":"Prevalence of hearing loss in US children and adolescents: Findings from NHANES 1988-2010","volume":"143","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngology\u2013Head & Neck Surgery"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/aud.0000000000000172"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00104.1999"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.98","first-page":"3","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the functional neuroanatomy of single-word reading: Method and validation","volume":"16","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.99","first-page":"4","article-title":"Comparison of fMRI data from passive listening and active-response story processing tasks in children","volume":"29","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging: An Official Journal of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weintraub, S. , Dikmen, S. S. , Heaton, R. K. , Tulsky, D. S. , Zelazo, P. D. , Bauer, P. J. , Carlozzi, N. E. , Slotkin, J. , Blitz, D. , Wallner-Allen, K. , & others. (2013). Cognition assessment using the NIH Toolbox. Neurology, 80(11 Supplement 3), Article 11 Supplement 3.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182872ded"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-015104"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz5891"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2012.0073"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.42974"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.105","first-page":"8","article-title":"Large-scale automated synthesis of human functional neuroimaging data","volume":"8","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature Methods"},{"key":"2026081102000643000_2025.10.22.25338400v2.106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24196"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2025.10.22.25338400","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T09:00:30Z","timestamp":1786438830000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/medrxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2025.10.22.25338400"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"references-count":106,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.10.22.25338400","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}