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In this study we present the first comprehensive genomic analysis of the immunoglobulin (IG) loci (IGH, IGL, and IGK) in two critically endangered orangutan species;\n                  <jats:italic>Pongo abelii<\/jats:italic>\n                  (Sumatran orangutan) and\n                  <jats:italic>Pongo pygmaeus<\/jats:italic>\n                  (Bornean orangutan) across multiple genome assemblies. Using IMGT-standardized biocuration framework combined with read-level structural validation, we identified previously undocumented haplotype-specific variation, including multigene duplications, asymmetric gene absence, and species-specific expansions of variable gene families. Recombination signal sequence (RSS) and switch region analyses revealed conserved regulatory motifs with potential implications for V(D)J recombination and class-switch recombination. These findings underscore the complexity and evolutionary adaptability of IG loci in great apes and highlight the value of orangutans as key references for understanding immune system evolution in the Hominidae lineage.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.10.22.683890","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T20:30:14Z","timestamp":1761251414000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization of Immunoglobulin Loci in\n                  <i>Pongo abelii<\/i>\n                  and\n                  <i>Pongo pygmaeus<\/i>\n                  : Insights from Multi-Genome Annotation and IMGT-Based Curation"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3806-3810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shamsa","family":"Batool","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6742-1646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilhem","family":"Zeitoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4594-617X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chahrazed","family":"Debbagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5677-5193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00e9raldine","family":"Folch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4291-2027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joumana","family":"Jabado-Michaloud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2258-468X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00e9ronique","family":"Giudicelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2482-0022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Kossida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2025102512000959000_2025.10.22.683890v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-021-00580-z"},{"key":"2025102512000959000_2025.10.22.683890v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.153.10.4520"},{"key":"2025102512000959000_2025.10.22.683890v1.3","unstructured":"Andrews, S. 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