{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:09:40Z","timestamp":1792786180122,"version":"4.5.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"group-title":"Evolutionary Biology","reference-count":70,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Marsden Fund, managed by the New Zealand Royal Society Te Ap\u0101rangi.","award":["MFP-UOA2412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MFP-UOA2412"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04tajb587","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Marsden Fund, managed by the New Zealand Royal Society Te Ap\u0101rangi.","award":["MFP-MAU1904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MFP-MAU1904"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04tajb587","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["R35GM150681"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35GM150681"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Crozier\u2019s Paradox states that genetic kin recognition will select for its own demise, and theoretical analyses over the past few decades have supported this conclusion. However, empirical evidence is far more limited. Here we examine support for Crozier\u2019s Paradox in two kin recognition genes in the social amoeba\n                  <jats:italic>Dictyostelium discoideum<\/jats:italic>\n                  ,\n                  <jats:italic>tgrB1<\/jats:italic>\n                  and\n                  <jats:italic>tgrC1<\/jats:italic>\n                  , which enable cells to recognize and reject unrelated cells during cooperative multicellular development. We find that co-isolated amoebae, taken from just a few grams of soil, harbor highly diverged recognition alleles, indicating plentiful sequence variation for social decision-making on a micro-scale.\n                  <jats:italic>tgrB1<\/jats:italic>\n                  and\n                  <jats:italic>tgrC1<\/jats:italic>\n                  belong to a large gene family, whose members vary in their levels of polymorphism, strength of selection, and retention of polymorphism. We do not see strong evidence for the paradox, in the form of positive frequency-dependent selection, or its outcome, in the form of depleted genetic variation. Consistent with previous findings, we detect recombination among the duplicated\n                  <jats:italic>tgrB<\/jats:italic>\n                  and\n                  <jats:italic>tgrC<\/jats:italic>\n                  genes, which suggests a mechanism to generate novel alleles and replenish genetic variation. We suggest that the evolutionary dynamics of large gene families may be essential for rapidly generating novel variation that can prevent Crozier\u2019s Paradox from taking effect.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.10.22.684067","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T16:50:17Z","timestamp":1761238217000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evolutionary dynamics of the\n                  <i>tgr<\/i>\n                  gene family in\n                  <i>Dictyostelium<\/i>\n                  allows escape from Crozier\u2019s Paradox"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8150-0757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael A.","family":"Polo Prieto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Houston, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0863-159X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean","family":"McFadyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Sciences, Massey University, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiola","family":"Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Houston, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4917-9211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mische","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathleen M.E.","family":"Broersma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Sciences, Massey University, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7148-0473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenna","family":"Masterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Sciences, Massey University, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3487-519X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Courtney","family":"Masterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Sciences, Massey University, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8645-012X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui Hui","family":"Phua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9864-9198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennie","family":"Kuzdzal-Fick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Houston, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1936-0236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murray P.","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Sciences, Massey University, New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7883-8522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tera C.","family":"Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9784-5979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Ostrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Washington Bothell, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026100708450990000_2025.10.22.684067v2.1","unstructured":"Aanen DK , Debets AJM , Glass NL , Saupe SJ . 2010. 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