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Here, in exploring mechanisms, we found that depletion of neutrophils at the time of vaccination in female mice led to increased regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the spleen that was accompanied by a dysregulated cytokine environment. Following vaccination, neutrophils homed into secondary lymphoid organs where they increased expression of T cell engaging\/inhibiting markers. Depletion of Tregs in neutrophil deficient mice restored antibody function against pneumococcal infection. Importantly, PCV vaccination of human female participants altered neutrophil phenotype and\n                  <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                  coculture of donor neutrophils with PBMCs at one week following vaccination resulted in lower percentage and proliferation of FOXP3\n                  <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                  T cells, showing the clinical relevance of this phenotype. This work reveals a new mechanism by which neutrophils ensure protective antibody responses to vaccination by suppressing Tregs.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.10.28.685204","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T19:25:17Z","timestamp":1761852317000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neutrophils induce effective antibody responses to the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine by inhibiting regulatory T cells"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Essi YI","family":"Tchalla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo School of Medicine, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anagha","family":"Betadpur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo School of Medicine, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew Y","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo School of Medicine, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo School of Medicine, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manmeet","family":"Bhalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo School of Medicine, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Musea","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo School of Medicine, Buffalo, NY 14203, 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