{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:14:38Z","timestamp":1785406478666,"version":"3.56.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"group-title":"Immunology","reference-count":53,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"award":["U19 AI118626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19 AI118626"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/001d55x84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["75N93024C00057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93024C00057"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/001d55x84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Tuberculosis (TB), caused by\n                  <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                  , remains a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Although gamma-delta (\u03b3\u03b4) T cells have increasingly been suggested to contribute to the TB immune response, quantitative and qualitative differences in this immune cell compartment between healthy and TB diseased individuals are not well-characterized. In this study, we used single-cell RNA sequencing to provide a high-resolution characterization of CD4\n                  <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                  CD8\n                  <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                  \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in peripheral blood across healthy\n                  <jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                  -non-sensitized, healthy\n                  <jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                  -sensitized, and TB disease pre-\/post-treatment cohorts. We found upregulation of an activated and cytotoxic gene signature in \u03b3\u03b4 T cells of TB disease compared to both healthy cohorts. Strikingly, these differences persisted through one year following diagnosis of TB disease (corresponding to six months after completion of anti-TB therapy). We found that these transcriptomic differences were largely mediated by an NK-like cytotoxic V\u03b41 and V\u03b43 subset that was enriched in TB disease, with a unique V\u03b43 TCR gene usage. Our findings suggest long-lasting changes in the CD4\n                  <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                  CD8\n                  <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                  \u03b3\u03b4 T cell compartment and highlight V\u03b43 cells, a previously underappreciated \u03b3\u03b4 T cell subset, as potentially important in TB.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.11.12.688134","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T03:20:17Z","timestamp":1763090417000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enrichment of a CD4\n                  <sup>-<\/sup>\n                  CD8\n                  <sup>-<\/sup>\n                  NK-like cytotoxic V\u03b41\/3 T cell subset in tuberculosis disease"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4633-4554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kendall","family":"Kearns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6157-8592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rashmi","family":"Tippalagama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashu","family":"Chawla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Greenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aruna Dharshan","family":"De Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wathsala","family":"Gunasinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judy","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hansani","family":"Gunasekera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darsha D.","family":"Senevirathne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0641-1359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Scriba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1692-2758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie G.","family":"Burel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7302-8002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia S.","family":"Lindestam Arlehamn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bjoern","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2025111510500929000_2025.11.12.688134v1.1","unstructured":"Geneva: World Health Organization. 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